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Table 4 Association between gender equity measures and mistreatment score (odds ratios (standard error))

From: Women’s empowerment and experiences of mistreatment during childbirth in facilities in Lucknow, India: results from a cross-sectional study

 

Odds of mistreatment

Odds of mistreatment

Odds of mistreatment

Odds of mistreatment

Odds of mistreatment

GEM: Domestic chores

0.846***

    

(0.0441)

    

GEM: Violence

 

0.820***

   
 

(0.0346)

   

GEM: Sexual relationship

  

0.856***

  
  

(0.0274)

  

GEM: Reproductive health

   

0.731***

 
   

(0.0409)

 

GEM: Total

    

0.914***

    

(0.0138)

Age group (vs. 16–19)

 20–24

1.510

1.426

1.440

1.498

1.389

(0.873)

(0.840)

(0.847)

(0.938)

(0.848)

 25–30

0.871

0.985

0.939

1.064

0.987

(0.505)

(0.582)

(0.554)

(0.667)

(0.604)

Number of living children

0.857

0.828

0.861

0.835

0.844

(0.0996)

(0.0976)

(0.101)

(0.0995)

(0.101)

Women’s education group (vs. illiterate/no education)

 Primary school

0.623*

0.674

0.616*

0.581*

0.615*

(0.174)

(0.191)

(0.176)

(0.168)

(0.179)

 Secondary or higher school

0.497**

0.545*

0.560

0.560

0.545*

(0.175)

(0.196)

(0.203)

(0.205)

(0.200)

Husband educated more than wife (compared to wife educated more or equal education)

0.993

0.944

0.887

0.931

0.872

(0.244)

(0.237)

(0.224)

(0.238)

(0.226)

Works outside the home (compared to not working outside the home)

0.918

0.929

0.823

0.869

0.875

(0.236)

(0.244)

(0.216)

(0.231)

(0.236)

Muslim (vs. Hindu)

0.897

0.874

0.917

0.848

0.857

(0.239)

(0.241)

(0.254)

(0.241)

(0.243)

Caste (vs. “Other”)

 Scheduled caste

1.125

0.843

0.879

0.953

0.969

(0.442)

(0.332)

(0.351)

(0.384)

(0.392)

 Scheduled tribe

4.457***

3.370**

3.203**

4.963***

2.764**

(2.133)

(1.648)

(1.602)

(2.447)

(1.382)

Other backward castes

2.745***

1.783

1.884

2.227**

1.594

(1.024)

(0.695)

(0.737)

(0.864)

(0.632)

Migrated within previous 10 years

1.744**

1.637**

1.706**

1.521*

1.767**

(0.432)

(0.407)

(0.426)

(0.385)

(0.452)

Wealth quintile (vs. poorest)

 Second poorest

1.890

1.860

1.506

1.761

1.705

(0.774)

(0.773)

(0.629)

(0.739)

(0.728)

 Middle

2.016*

1.769

1.780

2.008

1.842

(0.860)

(0.765)

(0.771)

(0.879)

(0.820)

 Second richest

1.387

1.310

1.143

1.352

1.206

(0.547)

(0.530)

(0.463)

(0.557)

(0.502)

 Richest

3.974***

3.312***

2.940**

3.993***

2.856**

(1.780)

(1.516)

(1.348)

(1.837)

(1.342)

Constant

1.272

4.564

4.666

17.88**

36.63***

(1.234)

(4.762)

(4.860)

(20.90)

(43.81)

Observations

391

391

391

391

391

  1. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
  2. Higher score on GEM variables means more empowered; higher score on mistreatment score means more experiences of mistreatment