Table 3 Articles reporting on empowerment and preterm birth/low birthweight
Reference ID/Study authors | Study design (all are interventions) | Sample | Measure of empowerment/intervention | Measure of PTB/LBW | Major findings | Quality rating/scorea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[15] Tanner-Smith et al. (2014) | Retrospective cohort study | 6155 US pregnant women, M age = 25.0 years; African American 49.9%, White 30.3%, Hispanic 20.7% | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | CP w/longer gestation, higher birth weight, lower odds of very LBW, but not LBW or PTB | Good (12) |
[17] Grady et al. (2004) | Retrospective cohort study | 124 US pregnant adolescents, M age = CP: 15.8 years, 2001 comparison: 16.5 years, 1998 comparison: 16.3 years; 12–18 weeks’ GA; Predominantly African American | CP, 12–18 weeks’ GA, and every 2 weeks until 8 weeks postpartum | MR | CP group w/less LBW and PTB | Good (11) |
[33] Ickovics et al. (2003) | Prospective cohort study | 458 US pregnant women, 12–40 years (M = 21.6); ≤ 24 weeks’ GA; African American 80%, Latina 15%, and White 5% | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | CP w/higher birth weight and longer gestation, but not PTB or LBW | Good (11) |
[34] Ickovics et al. (2007) | Randomized controlled trial | 1047 US pregnant women, 14–25 years (M = 20.4); 18 weeks’ GA; Predominantly African American and Latina | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | CP group w/lower likelihood of PTB, but not LBW | Good (11) |
[35] Ickovics et al. (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | 1148 US pregnant women, 14–21 years; < 24 weeks’ GA; Predominantly Latina, Black, White | CP+, throughout pregnancy | MR | Greater number of CP visits w/lower odds of small for GA neonate, PTB, and LBW | Good (11) |
[36] Barr et al. (2011) | Retrospective cohort study | 379 US pregnant women, M age CP: 27.1 years, Control: 27.4 years; Predominantly Hispanic, Black, White | CP, in pregnancy; GA not specified | MR | CP w/lower odds of PTB and a trend toward less LBW compared to standard care | Good (9) |
[37] Klima et al. (2009) | Retrospective cohort study | 268 US pregnant women, ages 14–38 (21.8) years, ≤ 18 weeks’ GA; 100% African American | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | No difference in PTB and LBW w/CP | Good (10) |
[38] Picklesimer et al. (2012) | Retrospective cohort study | 4083 US pregnant women, M age = 23.1 years, ≤ 16 weeks’ GA; Predominantly White, Black or Hispanic | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | CP w/less PTB, but not LBW | Good (11) |
[39] Tandon et al. (2012) | Retrospective cohort study | 216 US pregnant women, M age = CP: 27.4 years, Control: 27.5 years; ≤ 20 weeks’ GA; 100% Hispanic/Mayan | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | CP w/lower PTB, but not LBW | Good (10) |
[40] Trudnack et al. (2013) | Retrospective cohort study | 487 US pregnant women, M age = 25.6 years; 100% Latinas | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | No difference in LBW or PTB w/CP | Good (9) |
[41] Walton et al. (2015) | Retrospective cohort study | 404 US pregnant women in the military, M age = CP: 24.8 years, Control: 26.3 years; Predominantly Caucasian, Asian, African American | CP, throughout pregnancy | MR | No significant difference in LBW and PTB w/CP | Good (9) |