A systematic review of concepts related to women’s empowerment in the perinatal period and their associations with perinatal depressive symptoms and premature birth

Table 1 Table of concepts

Measure of empowerment or intervention	Empowerment components		References
	Intervention	Direct measure
INTERVENTION STUDIES
CenteringPregnancy (CP)	Self-efficacy, self-care, self-esteem, knowledge		[15, 17, 24, 25, 29, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]
Parent-to-parent and parent-to-provider dialogue	Self-efficacy, partnership, participation, collaboration, awareness, sense of control, self-help, meeting personal needs, access to resources, and personal action		[18]
Guided Participation	Self-confidence, self-efficacy		[22]
Health locus of control	Internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, health knowledge	Health locus of control	[12]
Mom Power	Self-confidence, parenting competence, self-efficacy, knowledge, self-care		[23]
Creating Opportunity for Parent Empowerment (COPE)	Parenting confidence and knowledge, participation in care, self-confidence, control		[26,27,28]
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Gender hierarchies within the family, unequal power relationships, domestic decision-making power		Agency, decision-making power	[14]
Locus of control		Internal locus of control, self- efficacy, self-competence	[16]
Intimate partner violence, relationship power, and equity		Relationship power	[20]
Domestic violence and not having the right to plan pregnancy		Agency, decision-making power	[30]
Debt and lack of financial decision-making power		Agency, decision-making power	[31]
Domestic decision-making power		Agency, decision-making power	[32]

ISSN: 1471-2393