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Table 3 Relationship between maternal education and selected neonatal outcomes according to maternal birthplace. Italy, Lombardy Region, 2005–2010

From: Mother’s education and the risk of several neonatal outcomes: an evidence from an Italian population-based study

 

Preterm birth

Low birth weight

Small for Gestational Age

Low Apgar score

Severe congenital Anomalies

Cerebral distress

Respiratory distress

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

 

Italian-born mothers

Education a

 Low

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Intermediate

0.88 (0.85–0.92)

0.86 (0.82–0.89)

0.88 (0.85–0.92)

0.95 (0.84–1.08)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

0.99 (0.83–1.19)

0.90 (0.85–0.94)

 High

0.79 (0.76 to 0.84)

0.77 (0.73 to 0.81)

0.82 (0.79 to 0.85)

0.98 (0.88–1.10)

1.06 (0.99–1.12)

0.85 (0.68–1.08)

0.84 (0.80–0.88)

 p-trend b

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.3129

0.0997

0.6704

<0.0001

 

Foreign-born mothers

Education a

 Low

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Intermediate

0.94 (0.88–1.01)

0.90 (0.84–0.97)

0.88 (0.83–0.94)

0.97 (0.83–1.14)

0.88 (0.82–0.94)

1.00 (0.77–1.31)

0.92 (0.86–0.99)

 High

0.84 (0.77–0.92)

0.78 (0.71–0.87)

0.84 (0.77–0.92)

0.81 (0.61–1.07)

0.90 (0.82–0.99)

0.78 (0.52–1.16)

0.81 (0.73–0.90)

 p-trend b

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.2615

<0.0001

0.9614

<0.0001

  1. a Years of formal education completed categorized as ≤8 years (low), from 9 to 13 years (intermediate), and ≥14 years (high)
  2. b Odds ratios (and 95% confidence interval) were derived from logistic regression. Full multivariable models for each outcome included as covariates maternal traits (i.e., age at delivery, marital status, employment, parity, previous spontaneous miscarriages, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and preeclampsia) categorized as in Table 1