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Table 2 Relationship between maternal education and birthplace and selected neonatal outcomes. Italy, Lombardy Region, 2005–2010

From: Mother’s education and the risk of several neonatal outcomes: an evidence from an Italian population-based study

 

Preterm birth

Low birth weight

Small for Gestational Age

Low Apgar score

Severe congenital Anomalies

Cerebral distress

Respiratory distress

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

OR b (95% CI)

Education a

 Low

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Intermediate

0.90 (0.87–0.94)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.88 (0.86–0.91)

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

0.94 (0.91–0.98)

1.00 (0.86–1.16)

0.91 (0.87–0.94)

 High

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

0.78 (0.74–0.81)

0.82 (0.79–0.85)

0.92 (0.83–1.03)

1.02 (0.97–1.06)

0.84 (0.69–1.02)

0.84 (0.80–0.88)

 p-trend b

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0164

0.1155

0.4745

<0.0001

Birthplace

 Italian-born

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Foreign-born

1.16 (1.11–1.20)

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

0.82 (0.79–0.85)

1.18 (1.07–1.30)

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

1.17 (0.99–1.39)

1.19 (1.15–1.24)

  1. a Years of formal education completed categorized as ≤8 years (low), from 9 to 13 years (intermediate), and ≥14 years (high)
  2. b Odds ratios (and 95% confidence interval) were derived from logistic regression. Full multivariable models for each outcome included as covariates maternal traits (i.e., age at delivery, marital status, employment, parity, previous spontaneous miscarriages, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and preeclampsia) categorized as in Table 1