From: The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: a systematic review
Stage of PE | Characteristic of PE | ↑ Vitamin D |
---|---|---|
Stage 1 | Inflammation-linked abnormal placental implantation | ↓ Predisposition to pro-inflammatory response [20] |
↑ Regulation of genes associated with placental invasion and normal implantation [20] | ||
Stage 2 | Vascular Endothelial dysfunction | ↑ Vascular structure, elasticity and intima-media thickness |
↓ Blood pressure (regulation of renin-angiotension system) [63] | ||
↓Oxidative stress [24] | ||
Proteinuria mediated by renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | ↑ Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing VEGF gene transcription [19] |