Skip to main content

Table 1 Summary of Effects of increased vitamin D on the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE)

From: The role of vitamin D in pre-eclampsia: a systematic review

Stage of PE

Characteristic of PE

↑ Vitamin D

Stage 1

Inflammation-linked abnormal placental implantation

↓ Predisposition to pro-inflammatory response [20]

↑ Regulation of genes associated with placental invasion and normal implantation [20]

Stage 2

Vascular Endothelial dysfunction

↑ Vascular structure, elasticity and intima-media thickness

↓ Blood pressure (regulation of renin-angiotension system) [63]

↓Oxidative stress [24]

Proteinuria mediated by renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

↑ Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing VEGF gene transcription [19]