Table 2 Exposure-disease associations within the general Western Australian population and the Raine Study subsets. Data presented as odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value

Vacuum extraction vs. neonatal jaundice

1.42

2.11

1.94

1.87

1.22

1.21

(1.25, 1.62)

(1.38, 3.23)

(1.15, 3.28)

(0.93, 3.77)

(0.54, 2.71)

(0.56, 2.58)

<0.001

<0.001

0.013

0.079

0.634

0.629

Low birth weight vs. spontaneous vaginal delivery

0.73

0.77

0.73

0.72

0.85

0.71

(0.71, 0.75)

(0.65, 0.91)

(0.59, 0.90)

(0.55, 0.93)

(0.65, 1.11)

(0.54, 0.93)

<0.001

0.002

0.003

0.014

0.234

0.014

Maternal age > 30y vs. elective caesarean section

1.87

1.89

2.07

2.89

1.92

2.51

(1.79, 1.95)

(1.48, 2.41)

(1.54, 2.77)

(1.91, 4.37)

(1.33, 2.78)

(1.66, 3.79)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Preterm birth vs. neonatal jaundice

4.30

4.58

7.48

8.98

9.84

7.88

(3.90, 4.73)

(3.59, 5.84)

(5.33, 10.51)

(5.55, 14.53)

(5.99, 16.16)

(4.90, 12.70)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Maternal smoking vs. low birth weight

NA

1.87

1.86

1.97

1.87

2.12

(1.51, 2.31)

(1.42, 2.44)

(1.39, 2.79)

(1.34, 2.62)

(1.48, 3.05)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Pre-eclampsia vs. preterm birth

NA

1.89

1.64

2.04

1.76

1.81

(1.30, 2.73)

(1.20, 2.24)

(1.35, 3.09)

(1.68, 2.66)

(1.18, 2.76)

<0.001

0.002

<0.001

0.007

0.006