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Table 4 Top 3 causes categorized by mode of birtha

From: Incidence, management and outcome of women requiring massive transfusion after childbirth in the Netherlands: secondary analysis of a nationwide cohort study between 2004 and 2006

 

N

(%)

Vaginal birth (N = 131)

 1. Uterine atony

84

(64)

 2. Retained placenta

40

(31)

 3. Placental remnant

20

(15)

Instrumental vaginal birth (N = 43)

 1. Uterine atony

26

(60)

 2. Retained placenta

14

(33)

 3. Placental remnant

6

(14)

Elective cesarean section (N = 46)

 1. Placenta previa

24

(52)

 2. Uterine atony

17

(37)

 3. Abnormally invasive placenta

13

(28)

Emergency cesarean section (N = 105)

 1. Uterine atony

51

(49)

 2. Uterine rupture

13

(12)

 3. Iatrogenic during/after cesarean

9

(9)

Termination of pregnancy (n = 2)

 1. Uterine atony

1

(50)

 2. Uterine rupture

1

(50)

  1. aUp to three causes could be included