Association between maternal social deprivation and prenatal care utilization: the PreCARE cohort study

Table 1 Women’s characteristics according to their social deprivation index

		Deprivation index^a				Total
		0	1	2	3	Total
N (%)		6351 (65.0)	1773 (18.2)	913 (9.4)	728 (7.5)	9770
Mean maternal age (SD)**		31.6 (5.0)	30.0 (5.8)	29.1 (6.5)	29.3 (6.2)	30.8 (5.5)
Mean father’s age (SD)**		35.5 (6.8)	35.3 (8.0)	34.5 (8.3)	34.0 (8.4)	35.3 (7.3)
BMI >30**		11.3	15.0	14.2	17.5	12.6
Schooling Level**	≤ Primary school	3.2	10.1	13.2	18.8	6.6
	Middle school	13.5	25.4	30.9	32.6	18.6
	High school	20.8	30.6	31.8	30.6	24.3
	University	62.5	33.9	24.1	18.1	50.5
Number of children ≥ 3**		7.5	13.0	12.8	10.7	9.8
Pregnancy**	Expected	82.6	71.2	59.6	48.7	75.8
	Unexpected	16.8	27.2	37.9	44.9	22.8
	Unwanted	0.6	1.6	2.5	6.4	1.4
Mode of conception**	Spontaneous	96.1	98.1	98.0	99.5	96.9
	Ovulation induction	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.4	1.1
	ART	2.7	1.1	1.0	0.1	2.1
High-risk pregnancy^b*		13.1	13.6	14.1	17.5	13.6
Tobacco before pregnancy*		18.4	14.8	16.4	15.6	17.3
Tobacco during pregnancy		8.6	9.2	11.2	10.1	9.0
Alcohol before pregnancy**		0.4	0.5	1.3	1.9	0.6
Alcohol during pregnancy**		2.1	1.7	2.0	5.0	2.2
Cannabis during pregnancy		0.3	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.4
HIV infection**		0.8	2.0	2.2	3.2	1.3
Maternal birth place**	France	55.9	30.2	28.5	16.2	45.7
	French overseas	2.0	1.5	2.2	1.0	1.8
	Europe (others)	4.7	5.8	4.4	5.9	5.0
	North-Africa	20.2	28.0	25.8	18.2	22.0
	Sub-Saharan Africa	9.7	20.8	28.4	50.1	16.5
	Others	7.5	13.7	10.8	8.6	9.0
Social isolation**		0.0	6.6	8.1	35.6	4.6
Poor or insecure housing condition**		0.0	24.7	54.0	93.1	16.5
Not work-related household income**		0.0	17.2	62.6	96.0	16.2
No permanent health care insurance**		0.0	51.7	75.7	96.8	23.7
Linguistic barrier**		6.6	17.8	16.9	22.4	10.8
Undocumented migrant**		0.7	12.7	18.5	43.6	7.7
Recent immigration**		3.4	9.1	11.6	26.0	6.9

All values are percentage unless specified
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, DOM-TOM French overseas departments and territories, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, ART assisted reproductive therapy
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.001
^aDeprivation index: simple sum of 4 deprivation dimensions: Social isolation, Poor or insecure housing condition, Not work-related household income, and No permanent heath care insurance
^bHigh-risk pregnancy is defined by at least one of the following item: diabetes, HIV infection, hypertension, thromboembolic event, heart disease, coagulopathy, brain aneurism, uterine malformation, Graves’ disease, autoimmune disease, alloimmunisation, nephropathy, homozygote sickle cell anemia, respiratory failure and adverse obstetrical history (pre-eclampsia, late miscarriage, cerclage, still birth, neonatal death, birth weight <2500 grams)

ISSN: 1471-2393