Table 1 Comparison of serum progesterone levels and maternal characteristics at baseline by pregnancy status at 16 weeks gestation for Pilot and Validation cohorts
Maternal characteristics | Ongoing pregnancy at 16 weeks gestation | Spontaneous miscarriage at or before 16 weeks gestation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pilot Cohort (N = 89) | Validation Cohort (N = 276) | p value | Pilot Cohort (N = 30) | Validation Cohort (N = 70) | p value | |
Serum biological markers | ||||||
Progesterone, mean ± SD (nmol/L) | 59.8 ± 23.5 | 60.3 ± 22.7 | 0.848 | 26.4 ± 17.1 | 31.4 ± 20.1 | 0.237 |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, mean ± SD (years) | 29.3 ± 4.83 | 30.3 ± 4.10 | 0.0769 | 31.3 ± 4.73 | 31.6 ± 5.22 | 0.774 |
Age of spouse, mean ± SD (years) | 32.9 ± 5.43 | 33.1 ± 5.96 | 0.772 | 33.9 ± 5.10 | 34.6 ± 6.38 | 0.628 |
Race | ||||||
Chinese (%) | 53.9 | 52.0 | 0.271 | 53.3 | 38.6 | 0.396 |
Malay (%) | 19.1 | 25.5 | 16.7 | 31.4 | ||
Indian (%) | 16.9 | 10.2 | 16.7 | 14.3 | ||
Others (%) | 10.1 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 15.7 | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 92.1 | 94.6 | 0.444 | 90.0 | 97.1 | 0.158 |
Single | 7.87 | 5.45 | 10.0 | 2.86 | ||
Highest educational level | ||||||
University degree (%) | 42.7 | 39.3 | 0.179 | 46.7 | 42.9 | 0.724 |
ITE or polytechnic (%) | 30.3 | 40.4 | 36.7 | 32.9 | ||
Primary and secondary (%) | 27.0 | 20.4 | 16.7 | 24.3 | ||
Health, obstetric and lifestyle factors | ||||||
Planned Pregnancy (%) | 59.6 | 58.2 | 0.902 | 63.3 | 44.3 | 0.126 |
Gestation age at recruitment, mean (wks) | 7.49 ± 1.43 | 7.48 ± 1.47 | 0.968 | 6.89 ± 1.30 | 6.63 ± 1.06 | 0.311 |
Fetal pole present (%) | 93.3 | 100 | 0.0002 | 50.0 | 100 | <0.0001 |
Fetal heart present (%) | 87.6 | 95.6 | 0.011 | 30.0 | 70.0 | 0.0003 |
Number of children | ||||||
None (%) | 55.1 | 45.5 | 0.143 | 43.3 | 32.9 | 0.367 |
1 or more (%) | 44.9 | 54.6 | 56.7 | 67.1 | ||
Previous miscarriage (%) | 20.2 | 24.0 | 0.563 | 20.0 | 22.9 | 1.000 |
BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 5.09 | 22.9 ± 4.29 | 0.204 | 22.1 ± 3.81 | 23.6 ± 4.81 | 0.0903 |
Medical comorbidities | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0 | 0.360 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Hypertension (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Thyroid disease (%) | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.000 | 0 | 1.43 | 1.000 |
Gynecological disease (%) | 12.4 | 12.0 | 1.000 | 0 | 10 | 0.0991 |
Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 3.37 | 5.45 | 0.579 | 0 | 5.71 | 0.313 |
Exposed second hand smoke at home (%) | 40.5 | 44.7 | 0.539 | 30 | 38.6 | 0.498 |
Alcohol during pregnancy (%) | 1.12 | 0.72 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
Nausea during pregnancy (%) | 70.8 | 77.5 | 0.203 | 40 | 55.7 | 0.192 |