Table 1 Articles included in this review, with study details
From: Umbilical cord-care practices in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
First author | Journal | Study type | Data collection year(s) | Country | Region | Rural/urban | Place of birth | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abhulimhen-Iyoha [12] | Niger J Clin Pract. 2012 | Cross-sectional survey | 2009 | Nigeria | Benin City | Urban | Community and facility | 497 mothers. |
Adejuyigbe [30] | Matern Child Nutr. 2008 | Mixed-methods, cross-sectional | 2003 | Nigeria | Ekiti State | Rural | Community and facility | 60 household surveys. 12 IDIs (healers, TBAs, birth home staff, nurses/midwives). 8 FGDs (total of 42 individuals. Elderly males and females). 4 questionnaires (fathers and grandmothers). |
Alam [54] | J Perinatol. 2008 | Cross-sectional, descriptive | 2006 | Bangladesh | Sylhet District | Not indicated | Community and facility | 400 household surveys. 60 semi-structured interviews: 20 recently delivered women, 20 senior females, 10 husbands, 10 senior males. |
Alhaji [37] | Niger Med J. 2013 | Retrospective record review | 2009–2010 | Nigeria | North-eastern | Not indicated | Community and facility | 51 cases of tetanus. |
Alparslan [13] | Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2013 | Descriptive and cross-sectional | 2008 | Turkey | Sivas | Urban | Not indicated | 263 mothers. |
Amare [14] | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014 | Qualitative | 2013 | Ethiopia | Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, and SNNPR (Sidama Zone) | Rural | Community and facility | IDIs with 32 total. One community in each region. Each study community: 6 mothers, 4 grandmothers, 2 TBAs, 2 HEWs. |
Ayaz [55] | PLoS One. 2010 | Community-based, cross-sectional | 2006 | Pakistan | Karachi (squatter settlement) | Urban | Community and facility | 565 women between 28 to 33 days post-delivery. |
Byaruhanga [7] | Midwifery. 2011 | Qualitative | 2008 | Uganda | Kayunga, Soroti, and Ntugamo Districts | Rural | Community | 6 IDIs with TBAs. 9 FGDs with 10 to 15 participants each (mothers, older females, and husbands). |
Callaghan-Koru [56] | BMC Pediatr. 2013 | Cross-sectional household survey of newborn care practices | 2012 | Ethiopia | Tigray, Oromiya, Amhara, and SNNPR | Not indicated | Community and facility | 218 mothers. |
Darmstadt [31] | Trop Med Int Health. 2007 | Qualitative | 2000 | Egypt | Governorates of Aswan, Luxor, and Fayoum | Rural | Not indicated | 217 households interviewed within 7 days of birth. |
Degefie [16] | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014 | Qualitative | 2012 | Ethiopia | Sidama Zone of SNNP and East Shewa and West Arsi Zones of Oromia | Rural | Community and facility | 8 KIIs with grandmothers. 27 IDIs with mothers. 7 IDIs with TBAs. 15 IDIs with fathers. |
Dhingra [24] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 | Qualitative | Not stated | Tanzania | Pemba Island | Urban and rural | Community and facility | 11 FGDs and 80 IDIs with mothers, grandmothers, untrained and trained TBAs. |
Falle [57] | J Health Popul Nutr. 2009 | Qualitative | Unknown | Nepal | Sarlahi district, Southern Nepal | Rural | Community | 93 TBAs. |
Geçkil [25] | Midwifery. 2009 | Descriptive | 2004 | Turkey | Adiyaman | Urban | Facility | 273 mothers. |
Ghosh [58] | J Biosoc Sci. 2010 | Qualitative | 2008 | India | Uttar Pradesh | Peri-urban | Community and facility | 892 women. |
Gilani [59] | Rural Remote Health. 2014 | Community-based, cross-sectional | 2011 | Pakistan | Muzaffarabad in Azad Jammu & Kashmir | Urban and rural | Community and facility | 104 mothers of neonates with current illness or illness within previous 2 weeks. |
Grant [60] | Paediatr Child Health. 2014 | Qualitative, cross-sectional | 2013 | Uganda | Luwero district, Bamunanika sub-district | Rural | Not indicated | 101 mothers or infant caregivers of deceased infants. |
Gul [34] | Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2014 | Cross-sectional | 2010 | Pakistan | Karachi | Urban | Community and facility | 170 mothers. |
Herlihy [8] | PLoS One. 2013 | Qualitative | 2010 | Zambia | Southern. Choma and Monze districts (rural) Livingstone and Mazabuka (urban) | Urban and rural | Community and facility | 36 FGDs with grandmothers, breastfeeding mothers, midwives, TBAs. 42 IDIs with CHWs, community leaders, health professionals, religious leaders, TBAs, traditional healers. |
Hill [15] | Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 | Qualitative | 2006–2007 (qualitative) 2008–2009 (quantitative) | Ghana | Brong Ahafo region | Rural | Community | 9167 quantitative surveys of women who delivered between April 2008 and May 2009. 25 birth narratives. 30 IDS with women delivered in past 2 months. 2 FGDs with women delivered in past year or were pregnant. 20 IDIs and 6 FGDs with birth attendants/grandmothers. 12 IDIs and 2 FGDs with husbands. |
Jennings [61] | Matern Child Health J. 2015 | Pre-post randomized design; data drawn from interviews and observations | Unknown | Benin | Zou/Collines Region | Rural | Facility | 411 mother-newborn pairs. |
Karas [62] | J Trop Pediatr. 2012 | Data collected within a community-based, cluster-randomized trial | 2002–2006 | Nepal | Sarlahi district, Southern Nepal | Rural | Community and facility | 23662 infants. |
Kayom [9] | Int J Pediatr. 2015 | Cross-sectional descriptive | 2012 | Uganda | Kampala | Urban | Community and facility | 335 mothers. |
Kesterton [63] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009 | Mixed-methods | Quantitative (1996–1998), qualitative (2004–2005) | India | Karnataka | Rural | Community and facility | 388 surveys of mothers. 39 IDIs with mothers, grandmothers, birth attendants, and key informants. 8 FGDs. |
Khadduri [33] | J Perinatol. 2008 | Qualitative | 2000 | Pakistan | Haripur District, NW Frontier Province | Rural and peri-urban | Community and facility | 64 IDIs with mothers, fathers, TBAs. 34 FGDs. |
Khan [10] | J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2013 | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Pakistan | Gilgit-Baltistan | Rural | Not indicated | 708 mothers. |
Kumar [64] | Lancet. 2008 | Cluster-randomized, controlled efficacy trial | 2006 | India | Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh | Rural | Community and facility | 3400 mothers. |
Madhu [32] | Indian J Community Med. 2009 | Cross-sectional | 2006 | India | Kengeri, Karnataka | Rural | Community and facility | 100 mothers. |
Mangwi Ayiasi [65] | PLoS One. 2016 | Randomized community intervention trial | 2013–2014 | Uganda | Masindi and Kiryandongo districts | Not indicated | Community and facility | 1385 pregnant women. |
Memon [66] | J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2013 | Cross-sectional KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practices) | 2005–2006 | Pakistan | Matiari district, Sindh Province | Rural | Community and facility | 1490 mothers. |
Moran [16] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009 | Mixed-methods | 2007 | Bangladesh | Dhaka slums (Korali and Kamrangir Char) | Urban | Community and facility | 36 women who were currently pregnant or those who had had at least one delivery. |
Moyer [21] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012 | Qualitative | 2010 | Ghana | Northern. Kassena-Nankana districts | Rural | Community and facility | 72 IDIs with women with newborns, health care providers, TBAs/herbalists, community leaders. Unspecified number of FGDs with grandmothers, compound heads, heads of household. |
Mrisho [23] | Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 | Qualitative | 2005–2007 | Tanzania | Lindi and Mtwara regions | Rural | Community and facility | 40 IDIs with recently delivered women, pregnant women, TBAs. 16 FGDs with women who had given birth at least once. |
Mullany [67] | Am J Epidemiol. 2007 | Data collected within a community-based, cluster-randomized trial. | 2002–2005 | Nepal | Southern | Not indicated | Not indicated | 15755 newborns. |
Mullany [26] | Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 | Data collected within a community-based, cluster-randomized trial. | 2004–2005 | Tanzania | Pemba Island | Rural | Community and facility | 1653 infants (but only those born at home were evaluated for substances applied [1158]). |
Raza [36] | J Postgrad Med. 2004 | Case–control | 1998–2001 (record review parameters) | Pakistan | Karachi (squatter settlement) | Urban | Not indicated | 375 newborns. |
Sacks [18] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 | Qualitative | 2010–2011 | Zambia | Choma District | Rural | Community and facility | 36 IDIs, 5 FGDs, and 8 observational sessions with recently-delivered women, TBAs, clinic and hospital staff. |
Shamba [19] | J Health Popul Nutr. 2013 | Qualitative | 2008 | Tanzania | Lindi Region | Rural | Community | 11 birth narratives. 6 FGDs with women who delivered at home. 2 FGDs with birth attendants (any woman who assisted someone with a delivery in the last year). |
Sharkey [11] | Health Policy Plan. 2016 | Mixed-methods | 2012 | Sierra Leone | Kambia, Tonkolili, Kailahun, and Pujehun Districts | Rural | Community and facility | 98 IDIs and 24 FGDs with pregnant women, caretakers, mothers, fathers, health care providers, CHWs, and TBAs. 6000 household surveys. |
Sharma [28] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016 | Qualitative | 2012 | Nepal | Not indicated | Rural | Not indicated | 5 IDIs and 14 FGDs with mothers, grandmothers, men, and health care workers. |
Sreeramareddy [68] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 | Cross-sectional survey | 2006 | Nepal | Western | Urban | Community | 240 mothers. |
Upadhyay [29] | Acta Paediatr. 2012 | Cross-sectional survey | 2010 | India | Haryana (northern India) | Rural | Community and facility | 415 mothers. |
Waiswa [20] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2008 | Qualitative | 2006–2007 | Uganda | Busoga (eastern Uganda) | Rural | Community and facility | 10 FGDs with younger mothers (aged <30 years), older mothers with grandchildren, fathers, older children (up to age 13) who act as child minders. KIIs with 6 health workers and 4 TBAs. |
Waiswa [69] | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010 | Cross-sectional | 2007 | Uganda | Iganga-Mayuge Demographic Surveillance Site | Rural | Community and facility | 393 mothers. |
Walsh [22] | Glob Public Health. 2015 | Qualitative | 2013 | Haiti | Petit-Gôave | Rural | Community and facility | 5 FGDs with mothers with newborns, mothers with children under age two, and grandmothers and pregnant women, TBAs, CHWs, and traditional healers (voudou priests and priestesses). |
Winch [27] | Lancet. 2005 | Mixed methods | 2001–2002 | Bangladesh | Beanibazar, Zakiganj, and Kanaighat sub-districts in Sylhet District | Not indicated | Community and facility | 39 IDIs with mothers, fathers, grandmothers, and TBAs. 6050 household surveys of mothers. |