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Table 4 Regression analyses for the association between severity of NVP and global quality of life controlling for demographic variables, and comorbidity. (N = 447)

From: The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study

 

Univariate models

Model 1

Model 2

Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI)

p-value

Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI)

p-value

Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI)

p-value

Severity of NVP

 Mild

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Moderate

–7.8 (–13.3,–2.4)

0.005

–6.7 (–12.0,–1.4)

0.014

–5.9 (–11.2,–0.5)

0.032

 Severe

–13.1 (–19.1,–7.0)

<0.001

–11.7 (–17.6,–5.7)

<0.001

–10.9 (–16.9,–4.9)

<0.001

Parity

 0 previous live births

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 ≥ 1 previous live births

–4.7 (–7.9,–1.4)

0.005

–6.6 (–10.0,–3.1)

<0.001

–6.7 (–10.2,–3.2)

<0.001

Age, years

0.3 (–0.1, 0.6)

0.100

0.2 (–0.2, 0.6)

0.299

0.2 (–0.2, 0.6)

0.320

Body Mass Index (BMI) a

 Underweight

–4.1

0.2

–2.4 (–10.5, 5.8)

0.565

–1.7 (–9.9, 6.4)

0.677

 Normal weight

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Overweight

–2.7

0.1

–3.6 (–7.8, 0.5)

0.087

–4.0 (–8.2, 0.1)

0.056

 Obese

–3.7

0.045

–5.6 (–10.1,–1.1)

0.014

–5.5 (–9.9,–1.0)

0.016

Smoking

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

2.2 (–6.4, 10.7)

0.617

6.0 (–2.5, 14.4)

0.166

5.9 (–2.5, 14.3)

0.168

Use of folic acid

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes, before and/or during pregnancy

1.8 (–5.5, 9.0)

0.634

–1.4 (–8.4, 5.6)

0.696

–1.1 (–8.1, 5.9)

0.762

Marital status

 Married/cohabitating

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Not married/cohabiting

–6.0 (–11.9,–0.1)

0.046

–6.8 (–12.6,–1.0)

0.021

–6.9 (–12.7,–1.1)

0.019

Education b

 Primary or secondary

–8.5 (–12.9,–4.1)

<0.001

–6.1 (–11.0,–1.2)

0.014

–6.1 (–11.0,–1.2)

0.015

 Bachelor degree

–6.4 (–10.5,–2.3)

0.002

–5.1 (–9.2,–1.0)

0.015

–5.0 (–9.1,–0.8)

0.018

 Master degree

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Other

–14.2 (–22.3,–6.1)

0.001

–13.0 (–21.2,–4.8)

0.002

–12.8 (–21.0,–4.6)

0.002

Work situation

 Student

–4.1 (–10.3, 2.1)

0.198

–2.6 (–8.8, 3.6)

0.407

–3.3 (–9.5, 2.9)

0.290

 Employed

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Unemployed

–3.3 (–10.2, 3.6)

0.344

3.3 (–3.9, 10.5)

0.366

4.2 (–3.0, 11.4)

0.256

 Other

0.9 (–6.7, 8.5)

0.815

2.9 (–4.4, 10.3)

0.436

4.4 (–3.0, 11.8)

0.245

Number of short term illnesses

  ≤ 2

Ref.

Ref.

 3–4

–4.2 (–8.4, 0.1)

0.056

  

–3.2 (–7.3, 1.0)

0.133

  ≥ 5

–6.2 (–10.7,–1.8)

0.007

  

–5.5 (–9.9,–1.1)

0.014

Chronic disease

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

–2.2 (–5.5, 1.1)

0.184

  

–2.2 (–5.4, 1.1)

0.187

Adjusted R square

  

0.10

 

0.11

 
  1. Abbreviations: Ref = reference category. Models were estimated using generalized linear models with QOLS as dependent variable, identity link function and assuming a normal distribution of QOLS. Only women who were currently pregnant are included in the analyses. Bold p-values indicate significant differences between the groups
  2. aBody mass index (BMI) is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres; underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, obese ≥30 kg/m2
  3. underweight:
  4. bPrimary: ≤10 years of education (the Norwegian compulsory primary + secondary school), secondary: 10–12 years (high school/upper secondary or vocational school)