Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of pregnant women and its association with domestic violence during current pregnancy

  < 25

177 (43.8)

130 (44.2)

47 (42.7)

Ref

 25–29

149 (36.9)

108 (36.7)

41 (37.3)

0.845

1.05 (0.64–1.72)

  ≥ 30

78 (19.3)

56 (19)

22 (20)

0.784

1.09 (0.60–1.97)

 Upper caste

247 (61.1)

192 (65.3)

55 (50)

Ref

 Others^a

157 (38.9)

102 (34.7)

55 (50)

0.005*

1.88 (1.21–2.94)

 Hindu

348 (86.2)

260 (88.4)

88 (80)

Ref

 Buddhist/Christian/Kirat/Muslim

56 (13.8)

34 (11.6)

22 (20)

0.031*

1.91 (1.06–3.44)

 Literate

389 (96.3)

285 (96.9)

104 (94.5)

Ref

 Illiterate

15 (3.7)

9 (3.1)

6 (5.5)

0.264

0.55 (0.19–1.58)

 Unemployed

262 (64.9)

192 (65.3)

70 (63.6)

Ref

 Employed

142 (35.1)

102 (32.7)

40 (36.4)

0.754

1.08 (0.68–1.70)

 Arrange marriage

234 (57.9)

179 (60.9)

55 (50.0)

Ref

 Love marriage

170 (42.1)

115 (39.1)

55 (50.0)

0.049*

1.56 (1.00–2.42)

  ≤ 1

142 (35.1)

91 (31)

51 (46.4)

Ref

 2–5

146 (36.1)

117 (39.8)

29 (26.4)

0.003*

0.44 (0.26–0.75)

 6–9

87 (21.6)

67 (22.8)

20 (18.2)

0.042*

0.53 (0.29–0.98)

  ≥ 10

29 (7.2)

19 (6.5)

10 (9.1)

0.883

0.94 (0.41–2.17)

 Nuclear

153 (37.8)

105 (35.7)

48 (43.6)

Ref

 Joint/Extended

251 (62.2)

189 (64.3)

62 (56.4)

0.145

0.72 (0.46–1.12)

  ≤ 5 members

301 (74.5)

218 (74.1)

83 (75.5)

Ref

  > 5 members

103 (25.5)

76 (25.9)

27 (24.5)

0.789

0.93 (0.56–1.55)

 Rich

–

159 (54.1)

43 (39.1)

Ref

 Poor

–

135 (45.9)

67 (60.9)

0.008*

1.84 (1.17–2.87)

 None

258 (63.9)

178 (60.5)

80 (72.7)

Ref

 One or two children

146 (36.1)

116 (39.5)

30 (27.3)

0.024*

0.58 (0.36–0.93)

 No

92 (22.8)

59 (20.1)

33 (30)

Ref

 Yes

312 (77.2)

235 (79.9)

77 (70)

0.035*

0.59 (0.36–0.96)

 No

302 (74.8)

227 (77.2)

75 (68.2)

Ref

 yes

102 (25.2)

67 (22.8)

35 (31.8)

0.064

1.58 (0.97–2.57)

 No

323 (80.0)

275 (93.5)

48 (43.6)

Ref

 Yes

81 (20.0)

19 (6.5)

62 (56.4)

<0.001*

18.70 (10.28–34.01)