Table 1 Birth outcomes of vaginal delivery (VD) versus Cesarean delivery (CD) for breech presentation, at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, 1999–2010 (N = 1,655)

All

Alive at discharge

831

91.5

728

97.5

<0.0001

Stillborn

35

3.9

12

1.6

0.007

In-hospital neonatal death

42

4.6

7

0.9

<0.0001

Apgar score < 4⁵

29

3.3

5

0.7

<0.0001

Parity

Primipara

Alive at discharge

274

90.1

379

97.4

Stillborn

12

3.9

5

1.3

0.018

In-hospital neonatal death

18

6.0

5

1.3

0.000

Apgar score < 4⁵

25

8.2

10

2.6

0.001

Multipara

Alive at discharge

557

92.2

349

97.5

Stillborn

23

2.0

7

2

0.000

In-hospital neonatal death

24

4.0

2

0.5

0.001

Apgar score < 4⁵

38

8.2

7

2.0

0.009

Birth weight

2.5–3.6 kg

Alive at discharge

772

91.6

616

97.8

Stillborn

32

3.8

8

1.3

0.002

In-hospital neonatal death

39

4.6

6

1.0

0.000

Apgar score < 4⁵

59

13.8

6

5.1

0.018

3.7–4.7 kg

Alive at discharge

59

90.8

112

95.7

Stillborn

3

4.6

4

3.4

0.650

In-hospital neonatal death

3

4.6

1

0.9

0.094

Apgar score < 4⁵

4

6.2

9

3.4

0.001

Referral

No

Alive at discharge

745

92.7

577

98.1

Stillborn

25

3.1

6

1.0

0.007

In-hospital neonatal death

34

4.2

5

0.9

0.000

Apgar score < 4⁵

23

3.0

3

0.5

0.000

Yes

Alive at discharge

86

82.7

151

95.0

Stillborn

10

9.6

6

3.7

0.036

In-hospital neonatal death

8

7.7

2

1.3

0.005

Apgar score < 4⁵

6

6.4

2

1.3

0.029

Privately insured

Yes

Alive at discharge

12

100

91

98.9

Stillborn

0

–

1

1.1

Neonatal death

0

–

0

–

Apgar score < 4⁵

0

–

0

–

No

Alive at discharge

247

85.5

343

96.9

Stillborn

20

6.9

9

2.5

0.004

In-hospital neonatal death

22

7.6

2

0.6

0.000

Apgar score < 4⁵

2

0.6

15

5.6

0.000