Cesarean section may increase the risk of both overweight and obesity in preschool children

Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios or overweight and obesity among the pre-school children by Delivery Mode in 2015

	Overweight	p value	Obesity	p value
Unadjusted
Vaginal delivery	1.0		1.0
Cesarean section	1.33 (1.15–1.54)	<0.001	1.41 (1.23–1.61)	<0.001
Elective CS	1.44 (1.20–1.72)	<0.001	1.34 (1.13–1.59)	0.001
Non-elective CS	1.28 (1.09–1.49)	0.002	1.44 (1.25–1.66)	<0.001
Model 1
Vaginal delivery	1.0		1.0
Cesarean section	1.33 (1.15–1.53)	<0.001	1.40 (1.22–1.61)	<0.001
Elective CS	1.43 (1.19–1.71)	<0.001	1.32 (1.11–1.57)	0.001
Non-elective CS	1.28 (1.09–1.49)	0.002	1.44 (1.25–1.66)	<0.001
Model 2
Vaginal delivery	1.0		1.0
Cesarean section	1.27 (1.09–1.47)	0.001	1.32 (1.15–1.52)	<0.001
Elective CS	1.36 (1.13–1–64)	0.001	1.27 (1.06–1.51)	0.007
Non-elective CS	1.22 (1.04–1.43)	0.011	1.35 (1.16–1.56)	<0.001
Model 3
Vaginal delivery	1.0		1.0
Cesarean section	1.24 (1.07–1.44)	0.003	1.29 (1.13–1.49)	<0.001
Elective CS	1.35 (1.12–1.63)	0.001	1.25 (1.05–1.49)	0.012
Non-elective CS	1.19 (1.01–1.40)	0.029	1.32 (1.13–1.53)	<0.001

Model 1: Adjusted for child factors: Gender, age, birth weight, gestational age, duration of breastfeeding
Model 2: Model 1 + Adjusted for maternal factors: gestational weight gain, smoking, drinking, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level
Model 3: Model 1 + Model + 2 Adjusted for paternal factors and family income: age, education, smoking, drinking, BMI, family income

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