Table 1 Children and parental characteristics in relation to delivery mode in 2015
From: Cesarean section may increase the risk of both overweight and obesity in preschool children
Characteristics | Vaginal delivery | Cesarean section | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2907 (32.7) | 5993 (67.3) | |
Maternal factors | |||
Maternal age | |||
19–24 | 51 (1.8) | 38 (0.7) | <0.001 |
25–29 | 859 (29.5) | 1501 (25.0) | |
30–35 | 1604 (55.2) | 3433 (57.3) | |
36 or older | 393 (13.5) | 1021 (17.0) | |
Maternal education | |||
Completed primary school | 70 (2.4) | 87 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Completed middle school | 483 (16.6) | 777 (13.0) | |
Completed high school | 652 (22.4) | 1488 (24.8) | |
College or above | 1702 (58.6) | 3641 (60.7) | |
Smoking | |||
Never | 2896 (99.6) | 5948 (99.2) | 0.054 |
One or less cigarettes/day | 6 (0.2) | 10 (0.2) | |
1–5 cigarettes per day | 3 (0.1) | 23 (0.4) | |
6 or more cigarettes per day | 2 (0.1) | 12 (0.2) | |
Drinking | |||
Never | 2863 (98.5) | 5872 (98.0) | 0.240 |
Occasionally | 40 (1.4) | 112 (1.8) | |
Daily | 4 (0.1) | 9 (.2) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
Normal | 2690 (92.9) | 5363 (89.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 193 (6.7) | 572 (9.6) | |
Obesity | 12 (0.4) | 30 (0.5) | |
Gestational Weight Gain (kg), mean ± SD | 14.10 ± 7.52 | 15.78 ± 8.07 | <0.001 |
Child factors | |||
Birth weight | |||
Normal | 2811 (98.7) | 5814 (97.0) | 0.420 |
Low birth weight | 96 (3.3) | 179 (3.0) | |
Gestational age | |||
Preterm | 169 (5.8) | 312 (5.2) | 0.235 |
Full-term | 2738 (94.2) | 5681 (94.8) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 1529 (52.6) | 3181 (53.1) | 0.670 |
Female | 1378 (47.4) | 2812 (46.9) | |
Duration of breastfeeding | |||
Never | 587 (20.2) | 1509 (25.2) | <0.001 |
Less than 4mo | 600 (20.6) | 1209 (20.2) | |
4–5 mo | 786 (27.1) | 1493 (24.9) | |
6+ | 934 (32.1) | 1782 (29.7) | |
Child BMI (kg/m) | |||
Normal | 2265 (77.9) | 4309 (71.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 293 (10.1) | 745 (12.4) | |
Obesity | 349 (12.0) | 939 (15.7) | |
Paternal factors | |||
Age | |||
19–24 | 12 (0.4) | 12 (0.2) | <0.001 |
25–29 | 409 (14.1) | 623 (10.4) | |
30–35 | 1574 (54.1) | 3301 (55.1) | |
36 or older | 912 (31.4) | 2057 (34.3) | |
Education level | |||
Completed primary school | 32 (1.1) | 40 (0.7) | <0.05 |
Completed middle school | 1029 (35.4) | 1957 (32.7) | |
Completed high school | 720 (24.8) | 1648 (27.5) | |
College or above | 1126 (38.7) | 2348 (39.1) | |
Smoking | |||
Never | 1408 (48.4) | 2662 (44.4) | <0.05 |
One or less cigarettes/day | 159 (5.5) | 331 (5.5) | |
1–5 cigarettes per day | 528 (18.2) | 1233 (20.6) | |
6 or more cigarettes per day | 812 (27.9) | 1767 (29.5) | |
Drinking | |||
Never | 1692 (58.2) | 3348 (55.9) | 0.111 |
Occasionally | 948 (32.6) | 2057 (34.3) | |
Daily | 267 (9.2) | 588 (9.8) | |
Father BMI | |||
Normal | 1871 (65.1) | 3634 (61.2) | <0.05 |
Overweight | 898 (31.2) | 2048 (34.5) | |
Obesity | 107 (3.7) | 256 (4.3) | |
Family income | |||
Lower income | 364 (12.5) | 642 (10.7) | <0.05 |
Middle income | 2220 (76.4) | 4693 (78.3) | |
Higher income | 323 (11.1) | 658 (11.0) | |