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Table 3 Risk of bias of included trials

From: Benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a systematic review

Study

Randomisation appropriate

Allocation concealment appropriate

Blinding patient / investigator / outcome assessor

Selective reporting improbable

Absence of other factors potentially causing bias

ITT analysis appropriate

Risk of bias (study level)

Elder [19]

unclear

unclear

yes / unclear / unclear

uncleara, b

noc

nod

high

Mulla [20]

unclear

unclear

no / no / unclear

noa, e

noc, f

unclear

high

Williams [22]

unclear

unclear

no / no / unclear

noa, g

noc

noh

high

Kazemier [21]

yes

yes

yes / yes / yes

yes

yes

yes

low

  1. aSample size planning, predefinition of study outcomes and their analysis not reported
  2. bThe outcome “kernicterus” was reported together with other adverse outcomes, some of which were reported for only one study group
  3. cPatient flow unclear; unclear whether information on inclusion and exclusion criteria was complete
  4. dSome participants were excluded from the analysis; information on study discontinuations was insufficient
  5. eThe outcome “preterm labour” was reported only for the control group; one outcome usually reported in association with preterm labour, preterm birth, was not reported here
  6. fThe outcome “cystopyelitis” was not defined and it was therefore unclear whether upper and / or lower UTI were included
  7. gResults of one outcome not relevant to this assessment were reported incompletely
  8. hSome participants were excluded from the analysis; the reasons were not stated