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Table 3 Bivariate analysis of significance by demographic factors, percent reporting having experienced each form of mistreatment (Chi square, * = p < =0.05)

From: Women’s status and experiences of mistreatment during childbirth in Uttar Pradesh: a mixed methods study using cultural health capital theory

 

Discrimination (%)

Physical abuse (%)

Verbal abuse (%)

Threats to withhold treatment (%)

Lack of information (%)

Abandoned or ignored (%)

Delivered alone (%)

Choice of position denied (%)

Companion not allowed (%)

Requested payment or bribe(%)

Unnecessary separation from baby (%)

Total Mistreatment Score (mean)

Total N reporting mistreatment

 

132

121

214

89

35

65

85

76

140

167

34

Range 1-10

Age

16-19

6.8

5.8

4.7

5.6

8.6

3.1

5.9

6.6

5.7

4.6

2.9

1.58

20-24

39.4

33.1

36.9

34.8

31.4

33.8

31.8

38.2

30

39.4

20.6

2.31

25-30

53.8

61.2

58.4

59.6

60

63.1

62.4

55.3

64.3

56

76.5

1.90

Chi sq

         

*

  

Migrant

Non

55.3

55.4

50.5

49.4

51.4

56.9

57.6

57.9

65

50.9

64.7

2.40

Rural to Urban

31.8

33.1

37.9

37.1

40

27.7

32.9

31.6

29.3

36.6

26.5

1.72

Urban to Urban

12.9

11.6

11.7

13.5

8.6

15.4

9.4

10.5

5.7

12.6

8.8

1.63

Chi sq

        

*

  

*

Wealth (quartile)

1

25

24

20.1

27

31.4

12.3

23.5

27.6

20.7

16.6

26.5

1.06

2

27.3

26.4

24.8

27

22.9

27.7

32.9

30.3

30.7

26.3

17.6

2.06

3

21.2

21.5

23.8

19.1

22.9

29.2

21.2

19.7

22.9

24.6

41.2

1.90

4

26.5

28.1

31.3

27

22.9

30.8

22.4

22.4

25.7

32.6

14.7

2.72

Chi sq

  

*

     

*

*

 

*

Caste

Other

6.1

6.6

7

4.5

2.9

6.2

10.6

10.5

9.3

4.6

0

1.54

SC

22

22.3

22.4

34.8

45.7

20

36.5

31.6

25.7

16.6

11.8

1.27

ST

18.2

16.5

11.7

13.5

14.3

18.5

1.2

2.6

12.9

21.1

23.5

2.97

OBC

53.8

54.5

58.9

47.2

37.1

55.4

51.8

55.3

52.1

57.7

64.7

2.55

Chi sq

*

*

*

  

*

   

*

 

*

Education

None

52.3

55.4

50

56.2

60

43.1

50.6

56.6

54.3

51.4

61.8

2.10

Primary

33.3

29.8

35.5

27

28.6

36.9

34.1

30.3

30.7

28.6

26.5

1.80

Secondary

14.4

14.9

14.5

16.9

11.4

20

15.3

13.2

15

20

11.8

2.26

Chi sq