Table 4 Association between possible risk factors and DV 1–1.5 years postpartum (N = 731).^a

History of violence^c

241 (33.5)

23 (9.5)

-

<0.001

Age ≥ 35

141 (19.6)

3 (2.1)

0.6 (0.2–2.1)

NS

Multiparae

376 (55.5)

11 (2.9)

0.8 (0.3–1.9)

NS

Low educational status

273 (37.4)

10 (3.7)

0.8 (0.3–1.8)

NS

Unemployed

51 (7.0)

4 (7.8)

2.9 (1.0–9.0)

NS

Foreign language

183 (25.2)

9 (4.9)

2.0 (0.8–4.6)

NS

Single/living apart

36 (4.9)

8 (22.2)

12.8 (5.0–32.7)

<0.001

Financial distress

357 (49.0)

15 (4.2)

2.0 (0.8–4.7)

NS

Alcohol consumption^d

481 (66.8)

13 (2.7)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)

NS

Smoking/using wet tobacco

142 (19.6)

5 (3.5)

1.1 (0.4–3.1)

NS

Overweight/obese

238 (32.6)

5 (2.1)

0.5 (0.2–1.4)

NS

Unintended pregnancy

123 (17.1)

3 (2.4)

0.7 (0.2–2.5)

NS

Miscarriage/abortion

49 (6.9)

1 (2.0)

0.6 (0.1–4.6)

NS

Self-reported poor health

62 (8.8)

3 (4.8)

1.8 (0.5–6.2)

NS

Lack of sleep

79 (11.2)

5 (6.3)

2.4 (0.9–6.7)

NS

EPDS ≥ 13

66 (9.9)

8 (12.1)

6.2 (2.5–15.6)

<0.001

SOC Low score^e

190 (27.8)

15 (7.9)

5.2 (2.2–12.5)

<0.001