Table 4 Outcome measurements of each study
First author, year | Type of analyses | VLF (ms2) | LF (ms2) | HF (ms2) | IntF (ms2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May, [47] | Difference in maternal HRV between exercise and control group at gw28, gw32, and gw36 | maternal gw28: exercise: 1082.6 ± 1135.6 control: 558.9 ± 392.0 (p = 0.03) | maternal gw28: exercise: 436.8 ± 614.0 control: 263.7 ± 213.0 (n.s.) | maternal gw28: exercise: 1402.3 ± 2990.0 contro:l 431.1 ± 395.4 (n.s.) | --- |
gw32: exercise: 1237.2 ± 942.5 control: 669.1 ± 513.1 (p = 0.008) | gw32: exercise: 377.2 ± 473.7 control: 186.3 ± 135.9 (p = 0.05)d | gw32: exercise: 911.2 ± 1334.8 control: 363.5 ± 365.0 (p = 0.048) | |||
gw36: exercise: 1529.4 ± 1325.8 control: 1097.2 ± 701.9 (n.s.) | gw36: exercise: 368.6 ± 394.1 control: 201.2 ± 163.3 (n.s.) | gw36: exercise: 805.6 ± 1165.5 control: 322.4 ± 387.4 (n.s.) | |||
Van Leeuwen, [41] | Difference in maternal and fetal HRV between exercise and control group | --- | --- | --- | --- |
May, Suminski, [37] | Correlation between continuous and non-continuous maternal LTPA and fetal HRV | fetal continuous LTPA R = 0.45 (p < 0.005) | fetal continuous LTPA R = 0.34 (p < 0.05) | fetal continuous LTPA R = 0.4 (p < 0.05) | --- |
non-continuous LTPA R = 0.06 (n.s.) | non-continuous LTPA R = 0.29 (n.s.) | non-continuous LTPA R = 0.03 (n.s.) | |||
May, Scholtz, [39] | Difference in infant HRV between exercise and control group | --- | infanta exercise: 2.38 ± 0.2 control: 2.06 ± 0.36 (p = 0.002) | infanta exercise: 1.72 ± 0.27 control: 1.38 ± 0.39 (p = 0.004) | --- |
Gustafson, [42] | Difference in fetal HRV between exercise and control group adjusted for fetal breathing | fetala estimate: 1.25; SE: 0.45 (n.s.) | fetala estimate: 1.01 SE: 0.46 (n.s.) | fetala estimate: 0.81; SE: 0.25 (p = 0.03) | fetala estimate: 1.22; SE: 0.42 (p = 0.03) |
May, [38] | Correlation between maternal LTPA (intensity, duration) and fetal HRV Regression to predict fetal heart measures | fetal intensityb R = 0.29 (p < 0.05) | fetal intensityb R = 0.20 (n.s.) | fetal intensityb R = 0.24 (n.s.) | fetal intensityb R = 0.27 (n.s.) |
durationc R = 0.34 (p < 0.05) | durationc R = 0.32 (p < 0.05) | durationc R = 0.38 (p < 0.01) | durationc R = 0.32 (p < 0.05) | ||
positively predicted by duration (p = 0.007) | positively predicted by duration (p = 0.014) | positively predicted by duration (p = 0.003) | --- | ||
Stutzman [43] | Within and between group changes from pre (gw20) to post (gw36) for each of the four groups; results are only presented for the HRV outcomes measured in supine position | --- | maternal exercise – NW: gw20: 194.4 ± 242 gw36: 116.2 ± 148 (n.s.) | maternal exercise – NW: gw20: 278.9 ± 504 gw36: 290.8 ± 606 (n.s.) | --- |
exercise – OaO: gw20: 126.6 ± 143.7 gw36: 37.8 ± 15 (n.s.) | exercise – OaO: gw20: 101.1 ± 99.7 gw36: 25.4 ± 23.8 (n.s.) | ||||
control – NW: gw20: 184.2 ± 176 gw36: 83.4 ± 76 (sig.)* | control – NW: gw20: 361.9 ± 370 gw36: 111.8 ± 161 (n.s.) | ||||
control – OaO: gw20: 141.1 ± 181 gw36: 107.5 ± 202.1 (sig.)* | control – OaO: gw20: 376.1 ± 723 gw36: 122.2 ± 265.7 (n.s.) | ||||
May, [40] | Changes in fetal HRV between exercise and control groups depending on fetal state (active vs. passive) at gw28, gw32, and gw36 | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 4.2 ± 0.5 control 3.9 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 4.2 ± 0.5 control 3.9 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 2.2 ± 0.5 control 1.8 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 2.3 ± 0.6 control 1.7 ± 0.9 (n.s.) |
gw32: exercise: 4.6 ± 0.6 control: 4.1 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | gw32: exercise: 4.6 ± 0.6 control: 4.1 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | gw32: exercise: 2.2 ± 0.6 control: 1.9 ± 0.5 (n.s.) | gw32: exercise: 1.9 ± 0.8 control: 1.3 ± 0.6 (n.s.) | ||
gw36: exercise: 4.8 ± 0.6 control: 4.2 ± 0.6 (p = 0.04) | gw36: exercise: 4.8 ± 0.6 control: 4.2 ± 0.6 (p = 0.03) | gw36: exercise: 2.6 ± 0.8 control: 2.0 ± 0.4 (p = 0.01) | gw36: exercise: 2.3 ± 0.9 control: 1.4 ± 0.7 (p = 0.02) | ||
Satyapriya [36] | Changes in maternal HRV pre and during exercise session and pre and post exercise session (acute effects) at gw20 and gw36 (effects over time) Important: differences between maternal HRV measurements at gw20 and gw36 (effects over time) were not reported to be tested for significance | Â | maternal pre (gw20) and post (gw36) intervention | maternal pre (gw20) and post (gw36) intervention | --- |
gw20: exercise pre session: 74.8 ± 5.9 post session: 74.1 ± 6.6 (n.s.) control pre session: 73.3 ± 8.0 post session: 70.5 ± 11.6 (n.s.) | gw20: exercise pre session: 25.2 ± 5.9 post session: 26.0 ± 6.6 (n.s.) control pre session: 26.7 ± 8.0 post session: 29.4 ± 11.6 (n.s.) | ||||
gw36: exercise pre session: 76.3 ± 4.9 post session: 72.5 ± 6.0 (p = 0.001) control pre session: 74.2 ± 9.5 post session: 70.9 ± 7.4 (n.s.) | gw36: exercise pre session: 23.2 ± 4.9 post session: 27.5 ± 6.0 (p = 0.001) control pre session: 25.0 ± 7.2 post session: 29.1 ± 7.4 (p = 0.006) |