Table 3 Outcome measurements of each study
First author, year | Type of analyses | SDNN (ms) | RMSSD (ms) | TP (ms2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
May, [47] | Difference in maternal HRV between exercise and control group at gw28, gw32, and gw36 | maternal gw28: exercise: 53.9 ± 27.4 control: 38.7 ± 12.9 (p = 0.01) | maternal gw28: exercise: 40.2 ± 34.1 control 25.9 ± 13.5 (p = 0.05)d | --- |
gw32: exercise: 53.0 ± 19.8 control: 38.1 ± 13.7 (p = 0.002) | gw32: exercise: 32.7 ± 24.9 control: 22.9 ± 11.7 (n.s.) | |||
gw36: exercise: 55.8 ± 20.6 control: 44.6 ± 14.0 (p = 0.03) | gw36: exercise: 32.4 ± 24.9 control: 21.3 ± 11.2 (p = 0.05)d | |||
Van Leeuwen, [41] | Examining the occurrence of fetal-maternal heart rate synchronization in which the mothers were either exercising regularly or were sedentary | maternal exercise: 57.6 ± 22.2 control: 44.9 ± 12.5 (n.s.) | maternal exercise: 35.2 ± 26.9 control: 20.8 ± 9.1 (n.s.) | --- |
fetal exercise: 29.3 ± 9.6 control: 21.4 ± 6.2 (p = 0.01) | fetal exercise: 8.6 ± 3.8 control: 6.2 ± 2.1 (p = 0.02) | |||
May, Suminski, [37] | Correlation between continuous and non-continuous maternal LTPA and fetal HRV | fetal continuous LTPA R = 0.38 (p < 0.05) | fetal continuous LTPA R = 0.31 (n.s.) | --- |
non-continuous LTPA R = 0.33 (p < 0.05) | non-continuous LTPA R = 0.04 (n.s.) | |||
May, Scholtz, [39] | Difference in infant HRV between exercise and control group | infant exercise: 38.8 ± 10.8 control: 34.8 ± 14.6 (n.s.) | infanta exercise: 1.03 ± 0.14 control: 0.87 ± 0.21 (p = 0.01) | --- |
Gustafson, [42] | Difference in fetal HRV between exercise and control group adjusted for fetal breathing | --- | fetala estimate: 0.34; SE: 0.14 (n.s.) | fetala estimate: 1.06; SE: 0.36 (n.s.) |
May, [38] | Correlation between maternal LTPA (intensity, duration) and fetal HRV Regression to predict fetal heart measures | fetal intensityb R = 0.28 (p < 0.05) | fetal intensityb R = 0.27 (n.s.) | --- |
durationc R = 0.44 (p < 0.005) | durationc R = 0.39 (p < 0.01) | |||
positively predicted by intensity (p = 0.033) | positively predicted by duration (p = 0.005) | |||
Stutzman [43] | Within and between group changes from pre (gw20) to post (gw36) for each of the four groups; results are only presented for the HRV outcomes measured in supine position | --- | --- | maternal exercise – NW: gw20: 777.1 ± 1072 gw36: 787.8 ± 1042 (n.s.) |
exercise – OaO: gw20: 523.2 ± 621 gw36: 231.9 ± 203.5 (n.s.) | ||||
control – NW: gw20: 746.3 ± 667 gw36: 461.3 ± 583 (n.s.) | ||||
control – OaO: gw20: 652.1 ± 984 gw36: 326.1 ± 506 (sig.)* | ||||
May, [40] | Changes in fetal HRV between exercise and control groups depending on fetal state (active vs. passive) at gw28, gw32, and gw36 | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 3.1 ± 0.3 control 2.9 ± 0.2 (n.s.) | fetala,e gw28: exercise: 1.8 ± 0.3 control 1.6 ± 0.3 (n.s.) | --- |
gw32: exercise: 3.2 ± 0.3 control: 3.1 ± 0.3 (n.s.) | gw32: exercise: 1.8 ± 0.3 control: 1.6 ± 0.3 (n.s.) | |||
gw36: exercise: 3.4 ± 0.3 control: 3.1 ± 0.3 (p = 0.03) | gw36: exercise: 2.0 ± 0.5 control: 1.7 ± 0.3 (p = 0.03) | |||
Satyapriya [36] | Changes in maternal HRV pre and during exercise session and pre and post exercise session (acute effects) at gw20 and gw36 (effects over time) Important: differences between maternal HRV measurements at gw20 and gw36 (effects over time) were not reported to be tested for significance | --- | --- | --- |