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Table 3 The association of antenatal depression with initiation of ANC, frequency of ANC follow ups and adequacy of ANC

From: Antenatal depressive symptoms and maternal health care utilisation: a population-based study of pregnant women in Ethiopia

Characterstics

Initiation of ANC

ANC Visits higher than expected in a given Gestational Age

Adequacy of ANC Use

COR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

COR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

COR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

PHQ 9 Score: PHQ-9 ≥ 5

1.10 (0.93, 1.24)

1.24 (0.95, 1.63)

1.45 (1.05, 2.05)a

1.86 (1.29, 2.68)a

1.09 (0.0.85, 1.39)

1.24 (0.94, 1.62)

1

1

1

1

1

1

Access to Healthcare

1.10 (1.04, 1.15)b

1.07 (1.02, 1.13)a

1.18 (1.10, 1.27)b

1.16 (1.07, 1.25)b

1.10 (1.04, 1.15)b

1.07 (1.02, 1.13)a

Marital Status:

Married

1.20 (0.46, 3.12)

1.26 (0.47, 3.39)

1.31 (0.38, 4.58)

1.08 (0.29, 3.98)

0.96 (0.36, 2.56)

1.03 (0.37,2.86)

 

Single

1

1

1

1

1

1

Residence: Rural

0.47 (0.31, 0.70)b

0.80 (0.48, 1.32)

0.39 (0.24, 0.62)b

0.62 (0.34, 1.14)

0.48 (0.32, 0.72)b

0.82 (0.49, 1.36)

Income:

High

1.14 (0.87, 1.51)

1.08 (0.80, 1.47)

1.19 (0.81, 1.75)

1.18 (0.77, 1.820)

1.16 (0.88, 1.54)

1.09 (0.80, 1.48)

Medium

1.11 (0.84, 1.46)

1.05 (0.78, 1.40)

1.05 (0.71, 1.57)

0.97 (0.64, 1.47)

1.11 (0.84, 1.47)

1.04 (0.78, 1.40)

Low

1

1

1

1

1

1

Education:

Non-literate

0.32 (0.18, 0.57)b

0.64 (0.32, 1.26)

0.39 (0.20, 0.76)a

1.06 (0.45, 2.50)

0.32 (0.18, 0.56)b

0.59 (0.29, 1.20)

Elementary Schooling

0.46 (0.26, 0.82)a

0.61 (0.30, 1.23)

0.60 (0.30, 1.19)

1.10 (0.49, 2.47)

0.44 (0.25, 0.79)a

0.61 (0.31, 1.20)

Secondary Schooling

1

1

1

1

1

1

Intimate Partner Violence

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

1.02 (0.97, 1.06)

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

1.00 (0.97, 1.04)

1.01 (1.00, 1.06)

Social Support

1.04 (0.98, 1.10)

1.03 (0.97, 1.10)

1.00 (0.93, 1.09)

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

1.04 (0.98, 1.04)

1.04 (0.97, 1.11)

Number of Life Threatening Events

1.04 (0.96, 1.13)

1.04 (0.95, 1.14)

1.04 (0.94, 1.16)

1.02 (.91, 1.16)

1.04 (0.96, 1.07)

1.04 (0.95, 1.14)

Parity

0.87 (0.82, 0.92)b

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)a

0.84 (0.77, 0.91)b

0.84 (0.75, 0.94)a

0.87 (0.82, 0.92)b

0.90 (0.83, 0.96)a

Pregnancy Intention:

Unwanted

0.54 (0.42, 0.69)b

0.65 (0.49, 0.86)a

0.62 (0.43, 0.88)a

0.78 (0.52, 1.15)

0.52 (0.40,0.67)b

0.63 (0.48, 0.83)a

Mistimed

1.03 (0.67, 1.59)

1.11 (0.71, 1.71)

0.80 (0.43, 1.49)

0.84 (0.44, 1.60)

1.04 (0.68, 1.59)

1.11 (0.72, 1.72)

Wanted

1

1

1

1

1

1

Previous Use of ANC: ≥1c

1.01 (0.80, 1.28)

1.14 (0.88, 1.47)

1.24 (0.89, 1.74)

1.65 (1.14, 2.41)a

1.04 (0.82, 1.31)

1.18 (0.91, 1.52)

Past Adverse obstetric history: ≥1c

0.98 (0.76, 1.26)

1.08 (0.82, 1.43)

0.72 (0.49, 1.06)

0.74 (0.49, 1.12)

0.96 (0.74, 1.24)

1.06 (0.80, 1.41)

Chronic Medical conditions: ≥1c

a1.30 (1.03, 1.64)

1.28 (1.00, 1.62)a

1.06 (0.77, 1.47)

1.03 (0.73, 1.45)

1.30 (1.03, 1.63)a

1.27 (1.00, 1.62)

  1. aStatistically significant at < 0.05
  2. bStatistically significant at < 0.001
  3. cReference was “none”
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