Perinatal health care services for imprisoned pregnant women and associated outcomes: a systematic review

Table 5 Outcomes in PRISON and PRISON+ groups

Outcome	Studies in PRISON category			Studies in PRISON+ category			All studies
Outcome	Number of studies measuring outcome	Outcome (n/N)	Summary percentage (95 % CI)^a	Number of studies measuring outcome	Outcome (n/N)	Summary percentage (95 % CI)^a	Total number of studies measuring outcome	Overall summary percentage (95 % CI)^a
Low birthweight	5	36/333	9 · 3 (6 · 2–12 · 4)	0	N/A	N/A	5	9 · 3 (6 · 2–12 · 4)
Caesarean^b	3	37/137	26 · 5 (12 · 7–40 · 3)^b	3	56/396	12 · 9 (8 · 3–17 · 6)^b	6	N/A
Stillbirth	3	6/313	1 · 8 (0 · 3–3 · 3)	1	1/237	0 · 4 (0 · 0–1 · 2)	4	0 · 8 (0 · 0–1 · 5)
Neonatal unit admission	3	34/263	12 · 7 (8 · 7–16 · 8)	1	24/236	10 · 2 (6 · 3–14 · 0)	4	11 · 4 (8 · 6–14 · 2)
Inadequate prenatal care^b	2	166/540	30 · 7 (26 · 8–34 · 6)^b	1	34/221	15 · 4 (10 · 6–20 · 1)^b	3	N/A
Preterm delivery^b	2	24/119	19 · 0 (9 · 5–28 · 6)^b	1	15/236	6 · 4 (3 · 2–9 · 5)^b	3	N/A
Neonatal death	2	5/196	2 · 2 (0 · 1–4 · 2)	0	N/A	N/A	2	2 · 2 (0 · 1–4 · 2)
Small for gestational age	2	9/43, 0/34	N/A^c	1	28/236	11 · 9 (7 · 7–16 · 0)	3	N/A
APGAR < 7 at 5 mins	2	5/76, 0/34	N/A^c	1	0/236	0	3	N/A
Breastfeeding	2	1/34, 21/43	N/A^d	1	3/5	60 · 0 (17 · 1–100)	3	N/A

^aSummary measures created by taking results from individual studies, weighting by sample size and calculating summary statistic. Only presented if there is no significant heterogeneity between groups
^bThere is evidence of significant heterogeneity between PRISON and PRISON+ groups (p = 0 · 005 for caesarean, p < 0 · 001 for inadequate prenatal care, p = 0 · 001 for preterm delivery), therefore a random effects model has been used
^cNo summary measure possible as only one non-zero result
^dNo summary measure possible as significant heterogeneity in results within PRISON category