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Table 2 Widely used classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014: Selected characteristics

From: Seeking order amidst chaos: a systematic review of classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014

 

Country of origina

Region and countries of use (2009–2014)b

# deaths classified (2009–2014)b

Hier

IP vs AP

SB vs NND cats

Single cause

# causes

# levels

Ass'd factors

Ass'd factors vs causes

Defs

Rules

Max % unex

Systems classifying both SB and NND

 CMACE 2010-maternal & fetal [36]

UK

HIC (UK)

6,804

No

Yes

No

No

13

2

Yes

No

Some

Yes

39 %

 CMACE 2011-maternal & fetal [46]

UK

HIC (UK, Wales)

9,786

No

Yes

No

Yes

12

3

Yes

No

No

No

51 %

 Cole 1986 [26]

UK

Both (Nigeria, Netherlands)

345

Partly

No

No

Yes

10

2

No

n/a

Yes

Yes

55 %

 Engmann 2012 [39]

USA

LMIC (Guatemala, DRC, Zambia, Pakistan)

252

No

Partial

Yes, all

Yes

7.5c

1

No

n/a

No

No

12 %

 Flenady 2009-PSANZ-PDC [28]

Australia

Both (Australia, Vietnam, New Zealand, Madagascar)

13,416

Partly

Partial

No

Yes

7

4

Yes

Yes

Some

Yes

54 %

 Frøen 2009-Codac [11]

Norway

HIC (Norway, Italy, Wales)

872

Partly

Yes

Some

Yes

10

3

Yes

Yes

Some

Yes

53 %

 Korteweg 2006-Tulip [35]

Neth.

HIC (Neth.)

3,603

No

No

No

Yes

6

3

Yes

Yes

Some

Yes

23 %

 Manandhar 2010 [47]

Nepal

LMIC (Nepal)

1,272

Unclear

Yes

Yes, all

Yes

9c

1

No

n/a

Yes

No

10 %

 National Services Scotland 2013-FIGO [27]

Scotland

HIC (Scotland)

1,249

No

No

Yes, all

Yes

4

1

No

n/a

No

No

100%d

 MRC 2002-PPIP [48]

South Africa

LMIC (South Africa)

47,238

No

Partial

Some

Unclear

9.5c

1

Yes

Yes

Some

No

35 %

 Wigglesworth 1980 [7]

UK

Both (Turkey, Bangladesh, UK, Ireland, Nepal, Pakistan, Brazil)

4,558

No

Partial

Some

Yes

5

1

No

n/a

Some

Yes

56 %

 Winbo 1998-NICE [31]

Sweden

LMIC (Tanzania)

2,494

Yes

No

Some

Yes

13

1

No

n/a

Yes

No

46 %

 Wood 2012 [49]

UK

HIC (Scotland)

8,332

No

Yes

Some

Yes

2

2

No

n/a

Yes

No

60 %

Systems classifying SB only

 

 Dudley 2010-INCODE [34]

USA

HIC (Canada, USA)

1,075

No

Partial

n/a

No

7

4

No

n/a

Some

Yes

n/ae

 Gardosi 2005-ReCoDe [37]

UK

Both (Italy, UK, France, Portugal, New Zealand, Germany, Brazil)

25,779

Yes

Partial

n/a

No

9

2

Yes

No

Some

Yes

26 %

 Seaton 2012 [50]

UK

HIC (UK)

21,352

No

Partial

n/a

Yes

9

1

No

n/a

Yes

No

41 %

 Varli 2008-Stockholm [33]

Sweden

HIC (Sweden)

1,089

No

No

n/a

Yes

17

2

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

19 %

Systems classifying NND only

 

 Black 2010-CHERG [51]

USA

Global

>1 million

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

8

1

No

n/a

Some

Yes

23 %

 CMACE 2010-neonatal [36]

UK

HIC (UK, Ireland)

7,717

No

n/a

n/a

No

10

2

Yes

No

Some

Yes

6 %

 Cole 1989-ICE [52]

UK

HIC (Canada, USA)

38,692

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

8

1

No

n/a

Yes

Yes

15 %

 Flenady 2009-PSANZ-NDC [28]

Australia

HIC (Australia, New Zealand)

3,449

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

11

3

Yes

Yes

Some

Yes

n/af

 Lawn 2006-CHERG [53]

South Africa

Both (sub-Saharan Africa, Laos, Uganda); also global

>1 million

Yes

n/a

n/a

Yes

7

1

No

n/a

Yes

Yes

23 %

 Lawn 2012 [54]

South Africa

Global

>1 million

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

5

1

No

n/a

No

No

n/af

 Lawn 2010 [55]

South Africa

Global

>1 million

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

5

1

No

n/a

No

No

n/af

 Rocha 2011 [56]

Brazil

LMIC (Brazil)

2,893

No

n/a

n/a

Unclear

6

2

No

n/a

No

No

20 %

 Smith 2010 [57]

UK

HIC (UK)

18,524

Yes

n/a

n/a

Yes

10

1

No

n/a

No

No

5 %

 Winter 2013-Rwanda [58]

Rwanda

LMIC (Bhutan, Rwanda)

628

No

n/a

n/a

Yes

7

1

No

n/a

No

No

n/af

  1. Hier Hierarchical or not, IP vs AP Requires distinguishing antepartum from intrapartum stillbirth, SB vs NND cats Includes separate categories for stillbirths and neonatal deaths, Single cause Requires single cause to be identified, # causes Number of causes at top level, Ass’d factors Allows associated factors to be recorded, Ass’d factors vs causes Requires associated factors and causes to be distinguished from one another, Defs Includes definitions for all causes, Rules Includes guidelines for assigning cause of death, Max % unex Maximum percent of deaths classified as “unexplained” (see Additional file 10 for more detail)
  2. NOTE: All data other than region/countries of use and number of deaths classified was taken from reference papers for included systems, which are cited in the first column. “Widely used” is defined as used to classify >1000 deaths and/or in 2+ countries between 2009 and 2014
  3. aDefined as country of first affiliation of first author of reference paper
  4. bRegion and countries of use and numbers of deaths classified all taken exclusively from included papers between 2009 and 2014 that reported use of the included systems
  5. cAverage taken when there was more than one set of levels (e.g. one for stillbirths and one for neonatal deaths)
  6. dThe system only allocates stillbirths to one of two “causes”, both of which are considered to be “unexplained”; see Additional file 10 for more detail
  7. e The system has a category for “unexplained” but there was no data reported
  8. f These systems have no category for “unexplained”
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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