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Table 6 Intake of micronutrients in individual studies compared to UK and US dietary reference values - vitamins

From: Nutrient intakes and nutritional biomarkers in pregnant adolescents: a systematic review of studies in developed countries

  

Comparison to UK Dietary Reference Value

Comparison to US Dietary Reference Value

Nutrient

Study

Second Trimester

Third Trimester

Mean over pregnancy

Second Trimester

Third Trimester

Mean over pregnancy

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

N=

Mean

Confidence Interval

Vitamin D μg/day a

Baker (2009)

   

290

↓2.1

2, 2.3

      

290

↓2.1

2, 2.3

   

Chan (2006)

23

↓2.8

1.9, 3.7

23

↓3.1

2.2, 4

   

23

↓2.8

1.9, 3.7

23

↓3.1

2.2, 4

   

Derbyshire (2009)

   

20

↓2.0

1.5, 2.6

      

20

↓2.0

1.5, 2.6

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↓6.4

5.7, 7.1

      

59

↓6.4

5.7, 7.1

Lee (2013)

   

133

↓5.4

4.7, 6.1

156

↓5.1

4.6, 5.6

   

133

↓5.4

4.7, 6.1

156

↓5.1

4.6, 5.6

Vitamin E b

Baker (2009)

            

290

↓8.9

8.3, 9.5

   

Derbyshire (2009)

            

20

↓7.7

6.5, 8.9

   

Gutierrez (1999)

         

46

↓10.7

10.7

46

↓11.2

8.2, 14.1

   

Lee (2013)

            

133

↓6.9

6.2, 7.6

156

↓6.9

6.4, 7.4

Pobocik (2003)

               

434

↓8

7.2, 8.8

Vitamin C c

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑160

146, 174

      

290

↑160

146, 174

   

Derbyshire (2009)

   

20

↑138

111, 165

      

20

↑138

111, 165

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑128

112, 144

      

59

↑128

112, 144

Gutierrez (1999)

46

↑252

208, 296

46

↑231

190, 271

   

46

↑252

208, 296

46

↑231

190, 271

   

Job (1995)

      

70

↑135

92, 178

      

70

↑135

92, 178

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑97

81, 113

156

↑106

94, 118

   

133

↑97

81, 113

156

↑106

94, 118

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑167

150, 184

      

434

↑167

150, 184

Folate d

Baker (2009)

   

290

↔285

269, 301

      

290

↓285

269, 301

   

Derbyshire (2009)

   

20

↓227

205, 249

      

20

↓227

205, 249

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↔312

277, 347

      

59

↓312

277, 347

Gutierrez (1999)

46

↑447

355, 540

46

↑393

340, 445

   

46

↓447

355, 540

46

↓393

340, 445

   

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑829

723, 935

156

↑849

645, 1053

   

133

↑829

723, 935

156

↑849

645, 1053

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↔292

269, 315

      

434

↓292

269, 315

Riboflavin e

Chan (2006)

23

↑2.3

1.8, 2.8

23

↑2.4

2, 2.8

   

23

↑2.3

1.8, 2.8

23

↑2.4

2, 2.8

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑2.3

       

59

↑2.3

2.1, 2.5

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑2.5

2.3, 2.7

156

↑2.4

    

133

↑2.5

2.3, 2.7

156

↑2.4

2.2, 2.6

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑2.1

       

434

↑2.1

2, 2.2

B12 f

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑5.3

4.7, 5.9

      

290

↑5.3

4.7, 5.9

   

Chan (2006)

23

↑5

3.8, 6.2

23

↑5.2

3.7, 6.7

   

23

↑5

3.8, 6.2

23

↑5.2

3.7, 6.7

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑5.3

4.6, 6

      

59

↑5.3

4.6, 6

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑5.6

5, 6.2

156

↑5.5

5, 6

   

133

↑5.6

5, 6.2

156

↑5.5

5, 6

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑5.5

4.8, 6.2

      

434

↑5.5

4.8, 6.2

Thiamin g

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑1.6

1.5, 1.7

      

290

↑1.6

1.5, 1.7

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

      

59

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

156

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

   

133

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

156

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

2.4

2.3, 2.5

      

434

2.4

2.3, 2.5

Niacin h

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑33

32, 35

      

290

↑34

32, 35

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑24

22, 26

      

59

↑24

22, 26

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑28

26, 30

156

↑26

24, 27

   

133

↑28

26, 30

156

↑26

24, 27

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑30

29, 31

      

434

↑30

29, 31

B6 i

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑2.3

2.1, 2.4

      

290

↑2.3

2.1, 2.4

   

Giddens (2000)

      

59

↑1.9

1.7, 2.1

      

59

↑1.9

1.7, 2.1

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑2.2

2, 2.4

156

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

   

133

↑2.2

2, 2.4

156

↑2.1

1.9, 2.3

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑2

1.9, 2.1

      

434

↑2

1.9, 2.1

Vitamin A j

Baker (2009)

   

290

↑759

651, 867

      

290

↑759

651, 867

   

Derbyshire (2009)

   

20

↑555

439, 671

      

20

↓555

439, 671

   

Giddens (2000)

    

↑105

 

59

↑1053

907, 1199

    

↑1053

 

59

↑1053

907, 1199

Gutierrez (1999)

46

↑2492

1466, 3518

46

↑197

1432, 2523

   

46

↑2492

1466, 3518

46

↑1978

1432, 2523

   

Job (1995)

      

70

↑973

802, 1144

      

70

↑973

802, 1144

Lee (2013)

   

133

↑698

614, 783

156

↑666

615, 717

   

133

↑698

614, 783

156

↓666

615, 717

Pobocik (2003)

      

434

↑109

944, 1242

      

434

↑1093

944, 1242

Vitamin K k

Lee (2013)

            

133

↔70

57, 83

156

↔70

59, 81

  1. a Comparison to UK RNI 10 μg/day and US RDA 15 μg/day, b Comparison to US RDA 15 mg/day, c Comparison to UK RNI 40 mg/day and US RDA 80 mg/day, d Comparison to UK RNI 200 μg/day and US RDA 600 μg/day, e Comparison to UK RNI 1.1 mg/day and US RDA 1.4 mg/day, f Comparison to UK RNI 1.5 μg/day and US RDA 2.6 μg/day, g Comparison to UK RNI 0.8 mg/day and US RDA 1.4 mg/day, h Comparison to UK RNI 14 mg/day and US RDA 18 mg/day, i Comparison to UK RNI 1.2 mg/day and US RDA 1.9 mg/day, j Comparison to UK RNI 600 μg/day and US RDA 750 μg/day, k Comparison to US AI 75 μg/day, ↑ Study mean higher than reference value (p < 0.05), ↔ Study mean not different to reference value (p < 0.05), ↓ Study mean lower than reference value (p < 0.05)