Nutrient intakes and nutritional biomarkers in pregnant adolescents: a systematic review of studies in developed countries

Table 4 Mean intakes of macronutrients (g/day or percent of energy) and dietary fibre (g/day) in individual studies compared to UK and US dietary reference values

		Comparison to UK Dietary Reference Value									Comparison to US Dietary Reference Value
Nutrient	Study	Second Trimester			Third Trimester			Mean over pregnancy			Second Trimester			Third Trimester			Mean over pregnancy
Nutrient	Study	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval	N=	Mean	Confidence Interval
Protein grams/day ^a	Castillo-Duran (2001) a	249	↑60	58, 62	249	↑62	59, 64				249	↓60	58, 62	249	↓62	59, 64
	Castillo-Duran (2001) b	258	↑59	57, 61	258	↑60	58, 61				258	↓59	57, 61	258	↓60	58, 61
	Chan (2006)	23	↑76	65, 87	23	↑76	65, 87				23	↔76	65, 87	23	↔76	65, 87
	Derbyshire (2009)				20	↑72	65, 79							20	↔72	65, 79
	Giddens (2000)							59	↑82	77, 87							59	↑82	77, 87
	Gutierrez (1999)	46	↑111	98, 124	46	↑118	105, 130				46	↑111	98, 124	46	↑118	105, 130
	Job (1995)							70	↑73	73, 73							70	↑73	73, 73
	Lee (2013)				133	↑81	76, 87	156	↑70	65, 75				133	↑81	76, 87	156	↔70	65, 75
	Pobocik (2003)							434	↑99	95, 103							434	↑99	95, 103
Englyst Fibre grams/day ^b	Derbyshire (2009)					↓12	11, 13
AOAC Fibre grams/day ^c	Giddens (2000)																59	↓14	13, 15
AOAC Fibre grams/day ^c	Lee (2013)													133	↓13	12, 14	156	↓14	13,14
		N=	% of Energy		N=	% of Energy		N=	% of Energy
Total Carbohydrate	Derbyshire (2009)				20	54 %
	Giddens (2000)							59	50 %
	Lee (2013)				133	51 %		156	52 %
	Gutierrez (1999)	46	56 %		46	56 %
Total Fat	Chan (2006)	23	29 %		23	29 %
Total Fat	Gutierrez (1999)	46	29 %		46	27 %
Saturated Fat	Chan (2006)	23	9 %		23	10 %
Total Sugars	Derbyshire (2009)				20	25 %
Added Sugars	Lee (2013)				133	17 %		156	17 %

^a Comparison to UK RNI 51 g/day and US RDA 71 g/day, ^b Comparison to UK RNI 18 g/day, ^c Comparison to US RDA 28 g/day, ↑ Study mean higher than reference value (p < 0.05), ↔ Study mean not different to reference value (p < 0.05), ↓ Study mean lower than reference value (p < 0.05)

ISSN: 1471-2393