Study
|
Country
|
Study design
|
Study groups
|
Number
|
Age
|
Inclusion criteria
|
Exclusion criteria
|
Supplement type and dose
|
Number with available data
|
Estimated compliance: N (%)
|
Data collection method (s)
|
Time period(s)
|
Quality rating
|
Baker et.al (2009) [23]
|
UK
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
500
|
14–18
|
Singleton pregnancy, age 14–18, gestational age < =20 weeks
|
Inability to provide informed consent, preeclampsia, clotting disorders, HIV/AIDS, haemoglobinopathies, diabetes, renal disease, hypertension, multiple gestations, history of 3= > previous miscarriages
|
Preconception folic acid
|
498
|
34 (6.9)
|
24 h recall (multiple)
|
Third trimester
|
+
|
Folic acid in early pregnancy
|
498
|
220 (44.2)
|
Iron in early pregnancy
|
498
|
39 (7.8)
|
Multivitamins in early pregnancy
|
498
|
19 (3.8)
|
Folic acid only in 3rd trimester
|
290
|
5 (1.7)
|
Iron and folic acid in 3rd trimester
|
290
|
13 (4.5)
|
Iron only in 3rd trimester
|
290
|
42 (14.5)
|
Multivitamins in 3rd trimester
|
290
|
7 (2.4)
|
Castillo-Duran et.al (2001) [43]
|
Chile
|
RCT
|
Zinc supplemented
|
249
|
16.4 (mean)
|
Beginning prenatal visits before 20 weeks gestation, aged <19 at estimated due date
|
Adolescents whose background included chronic diseases, drug abuse, mental retardation, illiteracy or pregnancy due to incest or rape
|
20 mg Zinc sulphate daily
|
Intervention group - 249
|
At least 50 % compliance
|
24 h recall (multiple)
|
Second and third trimester
|
+
|
Placebo
|
258
|
40 mg iron sulphate
|
All participants - 507
| |
Chan et.al (2006) [24]
|
USA
|
RCT
|
Control group, 2 intervention groups excluded from review*
|
23
|
15–17
|
Enrolled before 20 weeks gestation
|
Hypertension, diabetes, renal or liver disease, alcohol or tobacco use, using medicines effecting Ca metabolism
|
No additional supplements reported
| | |
Food diary (weighing not mentioned)
|
Second and third trimester
|
−/+
|
Chang et.al (2003) [37]
|
USA
|
Retrospective chart review
|
NA
|
918
|
12–17
|
Self-reported racial group as African-American; singleton pregnancy
|
Birth results not available due to abortion, miscarriage or transfer of care
|
90 mg carbonyl iron daily plus additional up to 120 mg for those classified as anaemic
|
918
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Second and third trimester
|
+
|
Dawson et.al (2000) [35]
|
USA
|
RCT
|
One-A-Day without Iron
|
20
|
16–20
|
Aged 16–20, less than 16 weeks gestation, no iron supplementation for previous 30 days
|
Hypertension; diabetes; other medical problems; haemoglobin <11 g/dL; haematocrit <30 %
|
Vitamin A 5000 IU, vitamin D 400 IU, vitamin E 10 mg, vitamin C 60 mg, folic acid 0.4 mg, thiamine 1.5 mg, riboflavin 1.7 mg, niacin 20 mg, pyridoxine 2 mg, vitamin B- 6 mg, pantothenic acid 10 mg
|
20
|
Not reported
|
Venous blood sample
|
Second and third trimester and delivery
|
−/+
|
One-A-Day with Iron
|
20
|
18 mg Iron, Vitamin A 5000 IU, vitamin D 400 IU, vitamin E 10 mg, vitamin C 60 mg, folic acid 0.4 mg, thiamine 1.5 mg, riboflavin 1.7 mg, niacin 20 mg, pyridoxine 2 mg, vitamin B- 6 mg, pantothenic acid 10 mg
|
20
|
Derbyshire (2009) [39]
|
UK
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
20
|
15–19
|
Attending antenatal classes or community clinics
|
Incomplete diary
|
None reported
| | |
Food diary unweighed
|
Third trimester
|
+
|
Gadowsky et.al (1995) [42]
|
Canada
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
58
|
14–19
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Folic Acid Mean 479 μg/day
|
58
|
82 %
|
Venous blood sample
|
Third trimester
|
+
|
Elemental Iron Mean 31.5 mg/day
|
Cyanocobalamin (B12) Mean 2.24 μg/d
|
Giddens et.al (2000) [27]
|
USA
|
RCT (subset from a larger study)
|
NA
|
59
|
13–18
|
Singleton pregnancies, between 13 and 19 weeks gestation
|
Not reported
|
Reported that any contribution from supplements was not included in analysis
| | |
Food diary weighed
|
Mean over pregnancy
|
−/+
|
Ginde et.al (2010) [32]
|
USA
|
Secondary analysis of cross sectional survey
|
NA
|
84
|
13–19
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Some participants taking vitamin D supplements
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Venous blood sample
|
Mean over pregnancy
|
+
|
Gutierrez et.al (1999) [28]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
46
|
13–18
|
Self-identified ethnicity as Mexican American, primigravida, 13–18 years of age
|
History of miscarriage or health problems, involved in competitive athletic performances or heavy exercise, planned to move away during study period
|
None reported
| | |
24 h recall (single)
|
Second and third trimester
|
+
|
Iannotti et.al (2005) [36]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
80
|
13–18
|
Self-reported racial group as African-American; singleton pregnancy
|
Not reported
|
None reported
| | |
10 ml Venous blood sample
|
Second and third trimesters
|
+
|
Job et.al (1995) [41]
|
Australia
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
35
|
13–19
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
None reported
| | |
24 h recall
|
Mean over pregnancy
|
+
|
Lee et.al (2013) [25]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
156
|
13–18
|
Age 18 or under, carrying a single fetus, 12–30 weeks gestation at recruitment
|
Not reported
|
Reported that any contribution from supplements was not included in analysis
| | |
24 h recall (multiple)
|
<23 weeks gestation, 23–30 weeks gestation and Mean over pregnancy
|
+
|
McGuire et.al. (2010) [31]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
80
|
Under 18 (mean 16.5)
|
Self-reported ethnic group as African American, singleton pregnancy
|
Not reported
|
Routinely prescribed prenatal supplements containing 400 IU vitamin D
| |
Data not available
|
Venous blood sample
|
Second and third trimester
|
+
|
Meier et.al (2002) [34]
|
USA
|
RCT
|
Iron supplemented
|
20
|
15–18
|
Not reported
|
Iron deficiency anaemia at recruitment
|
60 mg elemental iron & 1 mg folic acid
|
20
| |
Venous blood sample
|
Second and third trimesters
|
+
|
Placebo
|
17
|
1 mg folic acid
|
17
|
Mistry et.al (2014) [40]
|
UK
|
Cross-sectional study
|
Appropriate for gestational age babies
|
107
|
14–18
|
Not reported
|
Inability to provide informed consent, pre-eclampsia, clotting disorders, HIV/AIDS, Haemoglobinpathies, diabetes, renal disease, hypertension, multiple pregnancy and previous miscarriage
|
None reported
| | |
30 ml venous blood sample
|
Third trimester
|
+
|
Small for gestational age babies
|
9
|
O’Brien et.al (2003) [33]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
23
|
Mean 16.5
|
First, singleton pregnancies; no medical problems; no medications known to influence calcium metabolism; non-smokers; no history of drug or alcohol abuse
|
Not reported
|
Prenatal supplement including 5 mmol Ca
|
23
|
39 %
|
Not reported
|
Third trimester
|
+
|
Pobocik et.al (2003) [38]
|
Guam (USA Teritory)
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
434
|
14–20
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
Reported that any contribution from supplements was not included in analysis
| | |
24 h recall (single)
|
Mean over pregnancy
|
−/+
|
Rycel et.al (2009) [44]
|
Poland
|
Retro-spective cohort
|
NA
|
102
|
15–18
|
Not reported
|
Not reported
|
none reported
| | |
Venous blood sample
|
Before and after delivery
|
−/+
|
Young et.al (2010) [29]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
92
|
14–18
|
Healthy, singleton pregnancy
|
HIV, diabetes, pre-eclampsia, eating disorders, malabsorption diseases, self-reported drug use
|
Prenatal supplement including 27 mg iron
|
92
|
Not reported
|
Venous blood sample
|
Second trimester and delivery
|
+
|
Young et.al (2012) [30]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study
|
NA
|
171
|
Under 18 (mean 17.1)
|
Healthy, singleton pregnancy
|
HIV, diabetes, pre-eclampsia, eating disorders, malabsorption diseases
|
400 IU Vitamin D supplement given to participants found to be deficient
|
46 (estimated from reported percentages)
|
26.4 % - daily, 35.8 % at least twice per week
|
10 ml venous blood sample
|
Delivery
|
+
|