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Table 2 Trends in SII and RII in access to maternal health services and in health status; Trends in absolute and relative socio-economic inequalities in access to maternal health services and in maternal health status in South Africa

From: Growing inequities in maternal health in South Africa: a comparison of serial national household surveys

Variable

Range (Q4–Q1)

Slope of index inequality (95 % CI)

Relative index of inequality (95 % CI)

Concentration Index

 

2008

2012

2008

2012

Change in equity (P-value)

2008

2012

Change in equity (P-value)

2008

2012

Received any ANC

–4.3

2.6

−0.047**

(−0.094 - -0.001)

0.051

(−0.027 - 0.130)

0.030

0.951**

(0.904 - 1.000)

1.056

(0.971 - 1.149)

0.037

−0.005

0.015

Attended ≥4 ANC visits

5.7

16.0

0.024

(−0.084 - 0.132)

0.209***

(0.129 - 0.288)

0.005

1.027

(0.909 - 1.160)

1.271***

(1.139 - 1.417)

0.008

0.011

0.033

ANC visit <20 weeks gestation

23.5

30.1

0.274***

(0.106 - 0.442)

0.312***

(0.165 - 0.460)

0.741

1.831***

(1.268 - 2.644)

1.593***

(1.278 - 1.984)

0.525

0.116

0.077

Skilled birth attendant

8.5

8.4

0.121***

(0.066 - 0.176)

0.113**

(0.020 - 0.207)

0.888

1.135***

(1.071 - 1.202)

1.124**

(1.021 - 1.238)

0.869

0.017

0.018

Doctor attended childbirth

44

53.7

0.401***

(0.270 - 0.531)

0.587***

(0.449 - 0.724)

0.063

5.285***

(2.971 - 9.398)

5.802***

(3.856 - 8.728)

0.797

0.300

0.268

Offered HIV testing in pregnancy

−8.4

−7.0

−0.042

(−0.106 - 0.021)

−0.042

(−0.093 - 0.009)

0.999

0.951

(0.880 - 1.028)

0.940

(0.862 - 1.024)

0.833

−0.007

−0.004

HIV test in past 2 years

–2.8

1.3

−0.050

(−0.152 - 0.051)

−0.004

(−0.049 - 0.041)

0.419

0.943

(0.838 - 1.061)

0.996

(0.951 - 1.042)

0.405

0.000

−0.006

Never had HIV Test

–1.4

5.0

−0.028

(−0.120 - 0.065)

0.030

(−0.031 - 0.091)

0.297

0.739

(0.264 - 2.068)

2.631

(0.395 - 17.518)

0.236

−0.001

0.450

Planned pregnancy

22.5

30.6

0.134

(−0.032 - 0.301)

0.391***

(0.258 - 0.524)

0.009

1.391

(0.929 - 2.084)

2.999***

(2.096 - 4.292)

0.004

0.078

0.161

Five or more children

–8.2

−11.5

−0.099***

(−0.139 - -0.060)

−0.117***

(−0.162 - -0.073)

0.548

0.129***

(0.033 - 0.497)

0.045***

(0.014 - 0.144)

0.255

−0.326

−0.324

Poor-fair health status

–10.5

−1.0

−0.150***

(−0.234 - -0.066)

0.022

(−0.068 - 0.112)

0.004

0.331***

(0.167 - 0.654)

1.165

(0.631 - 2.151)

0.004

−0.043

−0.040

HIV infection

–20.6

−21.7

−0.281***

(−0.427 - -0.136)

−0.251***

(−0.372 - -0.129)

0.38

0.340***

(0.178 - 0.649)

0.372***

(0.224 - 0.620)

0.821

−0.193

−0.213

  1. Trends in absolute and relative socio-economic inequalities in access to maternal health services and in maternal health status in South Africa: the repeated cross-sectional national SABSSM surveys 2008 and 2012
  2. ** P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001