Association between maternal nutritional status in pregnancy and offspring cognitive function during childhood and adolescence; a systematic review

Table 7 Summary of the studies examining associations of maternal carbohydrate/protein with offspring cognitive function

Author, Year, Sample size, Age, Country, Study design	Nutrient	Cognitive function	Results after adjustment for confounders	QS and RB
⁴⁵Alderman H; 2014 N = 6774 Age 16-22 years Double blind cluster randomized controlled trial Gambia	Carbohydrate/protein supplements Intervention Group: 2 biscuits daily (1015 kcal carbohydrate and 22 g protein) from 20 weeks of gestation to delivery Control group: same supplements for 20 weeks during postpartum but not during pregnancy No information about compliance	Raven’s progressive matrices- nonverbal reasoning ability The Mill Hill vocabulary test The backward and forward digit-span test Schooling achievement (questionnaire)	No difference in any of the cognitive test scores or schooling achievement between children whose mothers received the supplements during pregnancy and children whose mothers received supplements during postpartum. Confounders adjusted for: The child’s sex, age, GA, ME, PE, maternal height, parity, season of birth, language and village allocation	19 Low

QS quality score, RB risk of bias, GA gestational age, ME maternal education, PE paternal education

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