Causes of PPHa | Vaginal delivery and PPH n = 3488 %a | Cesarean and PPH n = 719 %a | Crude RRb [95 % CI] | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uterine atony | 57.7 | 66.3 | 1.15 [1.08–1.22] | <.0001 |
Placental retention | 38.7 | 2.6 | 0.07 [0.04–0.11] | <.0001 |
Vaginal and/or perineal lacerations | 24.9 | 1.7 | - | - |
Episiotomy | 19.4 | 0.8 | - | - |
Anomaly of placental insertion | 1.9 | 12.7 | - | - |
Uterine rupturec | 0.4 | 1.7 | 4.15 [1.93–8.95] | - |
Cervical lacerations | 3.4 | 0.8 | - | - |
Vaginal thrombus | 1.3 | 0.4c | - | - |
Others | ||||
intraoperative complications | 0.1 | 16.4 | 190.81 [60.84–598.46] | <.0001 |
hemorrhagic normal 3rd staged | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - |
amniotic fluid embolism | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - |
uterine inversion | 0.1 | 0.0 | - | - |
coagulation disorders | 0.2 | 2.6 | - | - |
not determinede | 1.6 | 8.5 | - | - |