Table 3 Combination of descriptive and simple logistic regression analysis to show the relationship between risk factors and hypovitaminosis D (N = 396)
From: Risk factors for antenatal hypovitaminosis D in an urban district in Malaysia
Variable | Serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L n (%) mean ± SD median (IQR) | Serum 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L n (%) mean ± SD median (IQR) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(year)c | 27.91 ± 3.95 | 29.47 ± 5.07 | 0.91 | (0.84, 0.99) | 0.026 | |
Ethnic groupsc | Malay | 296 (96.40) | 11 (3.60) | 22.42 | (9.63, 52.21) | <0.001 |
Chinese | 24 (54.50) | 20 (45.5) | 1.00 | Â | ||
Indian | 32 (91.40) | 3 (8.60) | 8.89 | (2.36, 33.40) | 0.001 | |
Others | 6 (60.00) | 4 (40.00) | 1.25 | (0.31, 5.06) | 0.754 | |
Education levelc | Primary | 11 (68.80) | 5 (31.20) | 1.00 | Â | |
Secondary | 136 (91.30) | 13 (8.70) | 4.75 | (1.43, 15.80) | 0.011 | |
Tertiary | 211 (91.30) | 20 (8.70) | 4.80 | (1.52, 15.18) | 0.008 | |
Working Status | Working | 275 (91.40) | 26 (8.60) | 1.00 | 0.252 | |
Not working | 83 (87.40) | 12 (12.60) | 0.65 | (0.32, 1.35) | ||
Household income per monthc | 3500 (2800,5000) | 3750 (2500,5250) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.060 | |
Household membersc | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2,5) | 0.90 | (0.75, 1.07) | 0.225 | |
Weeks of pregnancy at first antenatal visitc | 10.0 (8.0,12.0) | 11.5 (8.0,12.0) | 0.89 | (0.77,1.02) | 0.100 | |
Parityc | 0 (0,1) | 1 (0,1) | 0.79 | (0.61, 1.03) | 0.083 | |
Last child birth | ≤ 2 years | 111 (89.50) | 13 (10.50) | 0.86 | (0.43,1.75) | 0.686 |
>2 yearsa | 247 (90.80) | 25 (9.20) | 1.00 | Â | ||
Breastfeeding | Yes | 36 (87.80) | 5 (12.20) | 0.74 | (0.27,2.01) | 0.552 |
Nob | 322 (90.70) | 33 (9.30) | 1.00 | Â | ||
BMI before pregnant (kg/m2) | 22.76 (20.00,26.25) | 22.15 (19.75,26.58) | 1.02 | (0.96,1.09) | 0.499 | |
Weight at first antenatal visit (kg) | 57.85 (49.30,68.54) | 57.03 (51.49,65.61) | 1.01 | (0.98,1.03) | 0.569 | |
Fitzpatrick Classificationc | Skin type I-II | 83 (80.60) | 20 (19.40) | 1.00 | Â | |
Skin type III | 163 (94.20) | 10 (5.80) | 3.93 | (1.76,8.77) | 0.001 | |
Skin type IV-VI | 112 (93.30) | 8 (6.70) | 3.37 | (1.42,8.03) | 0.006 | |
Melanin Indices (using Mexameter) | (0-999.000) | 306.17 (254.17,373.67) | 242.83 (181.08, 354.00) | 1.01 | (1.00,1.01) | 0.006 |
Sun protection score | (0-8)c | 5 (4,5) | 3.5 (1,5) | 1.77 | (1.42,2.21) | <0.001 |
Total of respondents exposed to sunlight (10Â am-2Â pm) | Yes | 201 (90.10) | 22 (9.90) | 1.00 | Â | |
No | 157 (90.80) | 16 (9.20) | 1.07 | (0.55,2.11) | 0.836 | |
The length of time exposed to sunlight (minutes in week) | 35 (0,150) | 55 (0,210) | 1.00 | (1.00,1.00) | 0.570 | |
Intake of vitamin D from food (IU/day)c | 197.51 (122.70,332.05) | 263.81 (142.90,460.55) | 1.00 | (1.00,1.00) | 0.042 | |
Intake of vitamin D from food and supplements (IU/day) | 215.080 (132.93,361.98) | 302.135 (147.89,515.74) | 1.00 | (1.00,1.00) | 0.064 | |
The level of vitamin D in foods and supplements (IU/day) | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
<200Â IU/day | 165 (92.70) | 13 (7.30) | 1.64 | (0.82,3.32) | 0.165 | |
≥200 IU/day | 193 (88.50) | 25 (11.50) | 1.00 |  | ||