From: Determinants of stillbirths in Ghana: does quality of antenatal care matter?
 | No delivery variables | Includes delivery variables |
---|---|---|
Independent variables | Adjusted Odds of having a Stillbirth: OR [95Â % C.I] | |
Fixed effects | ||
 Higher ANC Quality | 0.55* [0.33 0.92] | 0.50** [0.29 0.84] |
 ANC Four or more times | 0.49* [0.27 0.88] | 0.41** [0.22 0.76] |
 ANC provider | ||
  Nurse (ref) |  |  |
  Doctor | 1.62 [0.90 2.93] | 1.43 [0.79 2.58] |
  All others | 0.95 [0.11 8.06] | 1.25 [0.14 11.5] |
 ANC for problem | 0.81 [0.42 1.57] | 0.79 [0.40 1.55] |
 Delivery by a SBA |  | 2.28 [0.34 15.2] |
 Type of delivery facility | ||
  Gov’t hospital or polyclinic (ref) |  |  |
  Other Gov’t facility |  | 0.36* [0.14 0.95] |
  Private facility/maternity home |  | 0.26** [0.097 0.68] |
  Home/other/DK |  | 0.85 [0.13 5.72] |
 Intervention during delivery |  | 1.93* [1.05 3.56] |
 Current age in years | 1.05* [1.00 1.11] | 1.04 [0.99 1.10] |
 Number of pregnancies | 0.93 [0.79 1.09] | 0.96 [0.81 1.13] |
 Marital Status | ||
  Currently married (ref) |  |  |
  Cohabitating | 0.79 [0.31 1.98] | 0.92 [0.36 2.31] |
  Previously married | 0.89 [0.34 2.37] | 0.93 [0.35 2.48] |
  Never married | 3.52** [1.58 7.85] | 3.13** [1.39 7.09] |
 Past Stillbirth | 3.71*** [1.83 7.53] | 3.46*** [1.67 7.14] |
 Past abortion | 1.63 [0.88 3.00] | 1.58 [0.85 2.93] |
 Pregnancy complication | 3.10*** [1.89 5.08] | 2.68*** [1.61 4.45] |
 Multiple gestation | 6.26*** [2.84 13.8] | 4.93*** [2.21 11.0] |
 Sister maternal death | 5.69*** [2.19 14.8] | 5.58*** [2.09 14.9] |
 Years of sch. centered | 1.04 [0.98 1.11] | 1.03 [0.96 1.10] |
 Household wealth Index |  | |
  Poorest (ref) |  |  |
  Poorer/Middle | 0.61 [0.29 1.29] | 0.57 [0.27 1.21] |
  Rich/Richest | 0.71 [0.28 1.80] | 0.55 [0.21 1.43] |
 Urban residence: | 2.09* [1.03 4.25] | 1.79 [0.86 3.72] |
 Region |  | |
  Greater Accra (ref) |  |  |
  Central | 2.38 [0.76 7.40] | 2.57 [0.81 8.18] |
  Western | 0.38 [0.045 3.23] | 0.42 [0.049 3.64] |
  Volta | 1.33 [0.31 5.73] | 1.38 [0.32 6.04] |
  Eastern | 2.64* [1.02 6.84] | 2.72* [1.05 7.07] |
  Ashanti | 1.72 [0.68 4.37] | 1.6 [0.63 4.11] |
  Brong Ahafo | 4.17** [1.48 11.8] | 4.69** [1.65 13.3] |
  Northern | 2.83 [0.88 9.16] | 3.33* [1.01 11.0] |
  Upper east | 1.86 [0.32 11.0] | 1.91 [0.32 11.5] |
  Upper west | 0.98 [0.11 9.04] | 0.96 [0.10 8.95] |
Constant | 0.0015*** [0.00026 0.0091] | 0.0018*** [0.00013 0.026] |
Random effects | ||
 Cluster variance | 0.59 [0.20 1.69] | 0.56 [0.17 1.84] |
 Number of clusters | 400 | 400 |
 Number of women | 4,868 | 4868 |