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Table 3 Multilevel multivariate binary logistic regression of birth outcome on quality of antenatal are and relevant confounders, GMHS, N = 4868

From: Determinants of stillbirths in Ghana: does quality of antenatal care matter?

 

No delivery variables

Includes delivery variables

Independent variables

Adjusted Odds of having a Stillbirth: OR [95 % C.I]

Fixed effects

 Higher ANC Quality

0.55* [0.33 0.92]

0.50** [0.29 0.84]

 ANC Four or more times

0.49* [0.27 0.88]

0.41** [0.22 0.76]

 ANC provider

  Nurse (ref)

  

  Doctor

1.62 [0.90 2.93]

1.43 [0.79 2.58]

  All others

0.95 [0.11 8.06]

1.25 [0.14 11.5]

 ANC for problem

0.81 [0.42 1.57]

0.79 [0.40 1.55]

 Delivery by a SBA

 

2.28 [0.34 15.2]

 Type of delivery facility

  Gov’t hospital or polyclinic (ref)

  

  Other Gov’t facility

 

0.36* [0.14 0.95]

  Private facility/maternity home

 

0.26** [0.097 0.68]

  Home/other/DK

 

0.85 [0.13 5.72]

 Intervention during delivery

 

1.93* [1.05 3.56]

 Current age in years

1.05* [1.00 1.11]

1.04 [0.99 1.10]

 Number of pregnancies

0.93 [0.79 1.09]

0.96 [0.81 1.13]

 Marital Status

  Currently married (ref)

  

  Cohabitating

0.79 [0.31 1.98]

0.92 [0.36 2.31]

  Previously married

0.89 [0.34 2.37]

0.93 [0.35 2.48]

  Never married

3.52** [1.58 7.85]

3.13** [1.39 7.09]

 Past Stillbirth

3.71*** [1.83 7.53]

3.46*** [1.67 7.14]

 Past abortion

1.63 [0.88 3.00]

1.58 [0.85 2.93]

 Pregnancy complication

3.10*** [1.89 5.08]

2.68*** [1.61 4.45]

 Multiple gestation

6.26*** [2.84 13.8]

4.93*** [2.21 11.0]

 Sister maternal death

5.69*** [2.19 14.8]

5.58*** [2.09 14.9]

 Years of sch. centered

1.04 [0.98 1.11]

1.03 [0.96 1.10]

 Household wealth Index

 

  Poorest (ref)

  

  Poorer/Middle

0.61 [0.29 1.29]

0.57 [0.27 1.21]

  Rich/Richest

0.71 [0.28 1.80]

0.55 [0.21 1.43]

 Urban residence:

2.09* [1.03 4.25]

1.79 [0.86 3.72]

 Region

 

  Greater Accra (ref)

  

  Central

2.38 [0.76 7.40]

2.57 [0.81 8.18]

  Western

0.38 [0.045 3.23]

0.42 [0.049 3.64]

  Volta

1.33 [0.31 5.73]

1.38 [0.32 6.04]

  Eastern

2.64* [1.02 6.84]

2.72* [1.05 7.07]

  Ashanti

1.72 [0.68 4.37]

1.6 [0.63 4.11]

  Brong Ahafo

4.17** [1.48 11.8]

4.69** [1.65 13.3]

  Northern

2.83 [0.88 9.16]

3.33* [1.01 11.0]

  Upper east

1.86 [0.32 11.0]

1.91 [0.32 11.5]

  Upper west

0.98 [0.11 9.04]

0.96 [0.10 8.95]

Constant

0.0015*** [0.00026 0.0091]

0.0018*** [0.00013 0.026]

Random effects

 Cluster variance

0.59 [0.20 1.69]

0.56 [0.17 1.84]

 Number of clusters

400

400

 Number of women

4,868

4868

  1. Notes: *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. This sample is also restricted to women who attended ANC at least once during pregnancy