Table 1 Percent distribution of childhood stunting by pregnancy intention, postnatal depressive symptoms, social support and social-demographic factors among children aged 5–21 month in India
Background characteristics | Â | Sample Size (N) | Proportion | Not Stunted | Stunted | Chi-2 (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy Intention | Intended | 1684 | 91.9 | 73.9 | 26.1 | 12.67(0.00) |
Unintended | 149 | 8.1 | 60.4 | 39.6 | ||
Maternal Depression | Non cases | 1286 | 70.2 | 76.3 | 23.7 | 25.94(0.00) |
Cases | 547 | 29.8 | 64.7 | 35.3 | ||
Social Support | Low | 356 | 19.4 | 75.6 | 24.4 | 1.70(0.426) |
Medium | 1428 | 77.9 | 72.1 | 27.9 | ||
High | 49 | 2.7 | 73.5 | 26.5 | ||
Birth Size | Average and above | 1373 | 74.9 | 76.5 | 23.5 | 36.7(0.00) |
Below Average | 460 | 25.1 | 62.0 | 38.0 | ||
Pre-mature birth | Full-term | 1678 | 91.5 | 73.6 | 26.4 | 8.8(0.01) |
1–2 weak earlier | 108 | 5.9 | 68.5 | 31.5 | ||
| Â | 3 or more week earlier | 47 | 2.6 | 55.3 | 44.7 | |
Sex of child | Male | 985 | 53.7 | 71.9 | 28.1 | 0.98(0.32) |
Female | 848 | 46.3 | 73.9 | 26.1 | ||
Ever breastfeed | No | 49 | 2.7 | 77.6 | 22.5 | 0.57(0.45) |
Yes | 1784 | 97.3 | 72.7 | 27.3 | ||
Serious Illness | No | 1417 | 77.3 | 74.7 | 25.3 | 11.4(0.00) |
Yes | 416 | 22.7 | 66.4 | 33.7 | ||
Mother’s education | Below primary | 1091 | 59.5 | 67.7 | 32.3 | 35.4(0.00) |
Primary and above | 742 | 40.5 | 80.3 | 19.7 | ||
Mother’s working status | Not working | 920 | 50.2 | 77.4 | 22.6 | 20.6(0.00) |
Agricultural work | 731 | 39.9 | 67.4 | 32.6 | ||
| Â | Other work | 182 | 9.9 | 71.4 | 28.6 | |
Mother’s age at birth of child | <18 year | 146 | 8.0 | 61.6 | 38.4 | 11.0(0.01) |
18–24 year | 1270 | 69.3 | 73.5 | 26.5 | ||
25–29 year | 320 | 17.5 | 75.6 | 24.4 | ||
> = 30 year | 97 | 5.3 | 71.1 | 28.9 | ||
Ante natal check-up | No ANC | 199 | 10.9 | 70.4 | 29.7 | 3.4(0.18) |
<4 ANC | 483 | 26.4 | 68.1 | 31.9 | ||
> = 4ANC | 1151 | 62.8 | 75.2 | 24.8 | ||
Iron folic acid tablet | No IFA | 287 | 15.7 | 69.0 | 31.0 | 9.4(0.01) |
<90 IFA | 116 | 6.3 | 69.8 | 30.2 | ||
> = 90 IFA | 1430 | 78.0 | 72.8 | 26.2 | ||
Tetanus Injection | <2 TT | 235 | 12.8 | 69.4 | 30.6 | 1.6(0.20) |
> = 2TT | 1598 | 87.2 | 73.3 | 26.7 | ||
Household’s head education | Below primary | 1068 | 58.3 | 68.4 | 31.7 | 25.9(0.00) |
Primary and above | 765 | 41.7 | 79.1 | 20.9 | Â | |
Sex of head of household | Male | 1675 | 91.4 | 73.2 | 26.8 | 1.3(0.26) |
Female | 158 | 8.6 | 69.0 | 31.0 | ||
| Â | Household size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wealth index | Poor | 606 | 33.1 | 63.2 | 36.8 | 55.0(0.00) |
Middle | 604 | 33.0 | 73.0 | 27.0 | ||
Rich | 623 | 34.0 | 82.0 | 18.0 | ||
Drinking water | Improved | 1536 | 83.8 | 73.1 | 26.9 | 0.37(0.54) |
Non improved | 297 | 16.2 | 71.4 | 28.6 | ||
Toilet facility | Improved | 484 | 26.4 | 82.9 | 17.2 | 33.4(0.00) |
Non-improved | 1349 | 73.6 | 69.2 | 30.8 | ||
Income shocks | No shocks | 1064 | 58.0 | 73.7 | 26.3 | 0.93(0.33) |
At least one shocks | 769 | 42.0 | 71.7 | 28.4 | ||
Religion | Hindu | 1606 | 87.6 | 72.4 | 27.7 | 4.4(0.11) |
Muslim | 133 | 7.3 | 80.5 | 19.6 | ||
Others | 94 | 5.1 | 70.2 | 29.8 | ||
Caste | Schedule tribes | 264 | 14.4 | 62.1 | 37.9 | 46.5(0.00) |
Schedule caste | 325 | 17.7 | 65.5 | 34.5 | ||
Other backward caste | 854 | 46.6 | 74.1 | 25.9 | ||
Others | 390 | 21.3 | 83.3 | 16.7 | ||
Place of residence | Rural | 1364 | 74.4 | 69.6 | 30.4 | 28.6(0.00) |
Urban | 469 | 25.6 | 82.3 | 17.7 | ||
| Â | Total | 1833 | 100.0 | 72.8 | 27.2 | Â |