Table 5 Unadjusted and multivariate adjusted predictors of term (≥37 weeks) -SGA (<3rd percentile)
From: Risk factors for small-for-gestational-age and preterm births among 19,269 Tanzanian newborns
Term-AGA (>3 %) | Term (≥37 weeks) -SGA (<3rd percentile) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | % (n = 14,738) | % (n = 1,479) | Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | p-value | Multivariate adjusted RR (95 % CI) | p-value |
Maternal age | ||||||
< 20 years | 13.4 | 21.7 | 1.78 (1.54–2.05) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | 0.027 |
20–25 years | 30.3 | 32.9 | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 0.304 |
25–30 years | 28.0 | 23.8 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
30–35 years | 21.5 | 17.1 | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.428 | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 0.979 |
≥ 35 years | 6.8 | 4.4 | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.054 | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.270 |
Maternal education | ||||||
No formal schooling | 8.0 | 5.5 | 0.68 (0.54–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.042 |
Some primary | 7.0 | 7.1 | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.787 | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | 0.406 |
Completed primary | 73.5 | 77.1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Secondary plus | 11.5 | 10.3 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.100 | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.054 |
Paternal education | ||||||
No formal schooling | 4.2 | 3.7 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 0.235 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.679 |
Some primary | 5.0 | 4.8 | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) | 0.541 | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.668 |
Completed primary | 75.8 | 72.3 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Secondary plus | 15.7 | 18.5 | 0.82 (0.72–0.95) | 0.007 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.016 |
Dar es Salaam wealth quintile | ||||||
Q1 (Poorest) | 15.0 | 16.3 | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 1.02 (0.71–1.45) | ||
Q2 | 22.3 | 29.1 | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 1.24 (0.90–1.70) | ||
Q3 | 17.2 | 14.5 | 0.91 (0.64–1.31) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | ||
Q4 | 31.0 | 26.6 | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.91 (0.67–1.26) | ||
Q5 (Richest) | 14.5 | 13.5 | Ref. | 0.020* | Ref. | 0.717* |
Morogoro wealth quintile | ||||||
Q1 (Poorest) | 16.9 | 17.0 | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) | 1.22 (1.00–1.49) | ||
Q2 | 21.8 | 18.2 | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 0.94 (0.77–1.13) | ||
Q3 | 17.8 | 19.3 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 1.19 (1.00–1.44) | ||
Q4 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | ||
Q5 (Richest) | 22.7 | 24.0 | Ref. | 0.153* | Ref. | 0.324* |
Trimester of first ANC visit | ||||||
1st Trimester | 12.9 | 11.6 | 0.91 (0.77–1.09) | 0.300 | 0.89 (0.74–1.05) | 0.169 |
2nd Trimester | 76.4 | 76.0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
3rd Trimester | 10.8 | 12.5 | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 0.100 | 1.23 (1.00–1.55) | 0.014 |
Maternal height | ||||||
< 150 cm | 8.1 | 13.5 | 1.94 (1.47–2.57) | 1.65 (1.25–2.19) | ||
150.0–154.9 cm | 33.4 | 31.2 | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | ||
155.0–159.9 cm | 37.8 | 39.0 | 1.18 (1.02–1.61) | 1.18 (0.94–1.49) | ||
≥ 160.0 cm | 20.7 | 16.3 | Ref. | 0.001* | Ref. | 0.005* |
Parity | ||||||
First born | 27.6 | 45.1 | 1.87 (1.69–2.07) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.57–2.05) | <0.001 |
2nd–4th birth | 58.9 | 46.2 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
5th or greater | 13.4 | 8.7 | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.039 | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.267 |
Infant sex | ||||||
Male | 52.1 | 46.4 | 0.81 (0.75–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 |
Female | 47.9 | 53.6 | Ref. | Ref. | ||