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Table 1 Adjusted association of breastfeeding intention, initiation, any breastfeeding at 6 months, and 6 month exclusive breastfeeding with inadequate prenatal care and other potential predictors

From: Inadequate prenatal care use and breastfeeding practices in Canada: a national survey of women

Independent Variables

Intended to Breastfeed

Initiated Breastfeeding

Terminated Breastfeeding at 6 months

Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6-months

Adjusted OR (95%CI) a

Adjusted OR (95%CI) a

Adjusted OR (95%CI) a

Adjusted OR (95%CI) a

Adequacy of Services

 Adequate

1.19 (0.98-1.43)

1.07 (0.82-1.41)

1.08 (0.91-1.29)

1.07 (0.84 -1.37)

 Inadequate

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Adequacy of Initiation

 Weeks 1-17

1.19 (0.73-1.94)

1.47 (0.82-2.65)

0.99 (0.54-1.81)

0.95 (0.45-2.03)

 Weeks 18 and above

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Maternal Demographics

 Maternal age in years

  <20

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  20-39

0.99 (0.69-1.44)

1.34 (0.88-2.03)

2.03 (1.40-3.05)

1.38 (0.69-2.77)

  > = 40

1.41 (0.76-2.53)

1.45 (0.65-3.28)

5.11 (2.68-9.77)

2.21 (0.92-5.34)

 Urban–rural residence

  Rural area

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Urban, population ≤499,999

1.06 (0.88-1.27)

1.10 (0.87-1.40)

1.03 (0.85-1.23)

0.93 (0.73-1.18)

  Urban, population ≥500,000

1.09 (0.89-1.32)

1.37 (1.05-1.79)

1.24 (1.01-1.52)

0.98 (0.77-1.27)

 Immigration to Canada

  No

1.27 (1.05-1.54)

0.60 (0.54-0.99)

0.76 (0.62-0.93)

0.82 (0.5-1.04)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Level of education

  High school or less

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Some postsecondary education

1.51 (1.11-2.04)

2.41 (1.56-3.73)

1.33 (1.01-1.82)

1.94 (1.25-3.03)

  University or College education

1.50 (1.25-1.78)

1.88 (1.50-2.37)

1.68 (1.40-2.02)

1.90 (1.40-2.53)

 Marital Status

  No Partner

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Partner

1.28 (1.02-1.64)

1.23 (1.01-1.38)

1.48 (1.04-1.38)

1.70 (1.05-2.07)

Maternal Health Characteristics

 Previous depression diagnosis

  No

0.98 (0.82-1.19)

0.91 (0.70-1.17)

0.99 (0.81-1.2)

0.94 (0.870-1.23)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

  Underweight

1.13 (0.82-1.47)

1.21 (1.00-1.47)

1.40 (1.02-1.47)

1.37 (1.01-2.12)

  Normal

1.21 (0.87-1.67)

1.73 (1.03-1.87)

1.50 (1.3-1.75)

1.24 (1.02-1.51)

  Overweight or Obese

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Pregnancy-Related Characteristics

 Gravidity

    

  Primigravida

1.54 (1.33-1.79)

1.64 (1.33-2.03)

1.18 (1.04-2.56)

1.19 (1.02-2.68)

  Multigravida

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Reaction to pregnancy

    

  Happy

1.08 (0.64-1.82)

0.78 (0.38-1.58)

0.87 (0.51-1.50)

0.85 (0.49-1.47)

  Indifferent

0.92 (0.62-1.37)

0.76 (0.43-1.32)

1.12 (0.73-1.73)

0.95 (0.47-1.93)

  Unhappy

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Health problems during pregnancy

  No

1.16 (0.98-1.37)

1.22 (0.98-1.52)

1.08 (0.93-1.28)

1.14 (0.91-1.42)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy

  No

2.07 (1.66-2.58)

2.53 (1.94-3.30)

2.52 (1.95-3.26)

2.76 (1.71-4.44)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Delivery Characteristics

 Type of PNC provider

    

  Obs/Gyn

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Family Doctor

1.20 (1.04-1.39)

1.47 (1.21-1.80)

1.31 (1.12-1.54)

1.26 (1.02-1.54)

  Midwife

2.60 (1.69-4.03)

3.60 (1.61-7.87)

2.28 (1.57-3.32)

1.91 (1.31-2.78)

  Nurse or nurse practitioner/other

1.10 (0.71-2.52)

1.10 (0.71-2.52)

1.16 (0.71-2.52)

0.99 (0.71-2.52)

 Type of Delivery

    

  Vaginal

1.27 (1.09-1.47)

1.14 (0.92-1.42)

1.18 (1.00-1.39)

1.13 (0.91-1.40)

  Cesarean

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Birth Setting

    

  Hospital

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Birthing center/Private home

1.44 (0.94-11.23)

2.35 (0.91-12.88)

2.83 (1.17-6.83)

2.41 (1.34-4.03)

Postpartum Characteristics

 Baby’s admission to the NICU

    

  No

1.23 (1.03-1.47)

1.67 (1.31-2.13)

1.59 (1.30-1.95)

1.32 (1.30-1.95)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Work after delivery

    

  No

1.13 (0.94-1.37)

1.29 (0.99-1.66)

1.30 (1.07-1.58)

1.40 (1.07-1.58)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Support After delivery

  All of the time/Most of the time

1.02 (0.73-1.40)

1.09 (0.70-1.70)

0.88 (0.60-1.32)

0.62 (0.37-1.02)

  Some of the time

0.74 (0.51-1.08)

0.99 (0.58-1.67)

0.99 (0.64-1.24)

0.69 (0.46-1.05)

  None/Little of the time

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Intimate Partner Violence

  No

0.83 (0.66-1.04)

0.72 (0.52-1.01)

1.15 (0.92-1.45)

1.23 (0.86-1.77)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1. a CI-Confidence Interval