From: Inadequate prenatal care use and breastfeeding practices in Canada: a national survey of women
Independent Variables | Intended to Breastfeed | Initiated Breastfeeding | Terminated Breastfeeding at 6 months | Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6-months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | |
Adequacy of Services | ||||
Adequate | 1.19 (0.98-1.43) | 1.07 (0.82-1.41) | 1.08 (0.91-1.29) | 1.07 (0.84 -1.37) |
Inadequate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Adequacy of Initiation | ||||
Weeks 1-17 | 1.19 (0.73-1.94) | 1.47 (0.82-2.65) | 0.99 (0.54-1.81) | 0.95 (0.45-2.03) |
Weeks 18 and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal Demographics | ||||
Maternal age in years | ||||
<20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20-39 | 0.99 (0.69-1.44) | 1.34 (0.88-2.03) | 2.03 (1.40-3.05) | 1.38 (0.69-2.77) |
> = 40 | 1.41 (0.76-2.53) | 1.45 (0.65-3.28) | 5.11 (2.68-9.77) | 2.21 (0.92-5.34) |
Urban–rural residence | ||||
Rural area | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban, population ≤499,999 | 1.06 (0.88-1.27) | 1.10 (0.87-1.40) | 1.03 (0.85-1.23) | 0.93 (0.73-1.18) |
Urban, population ≥500,000 | 1.09 (0.89-1.32) | 1.37 (1.05-1.79) | 1.24 (1.01-1.52) | 0.98 (0.77-1.27) |
Immigration to Canada | ||||
No | 1.27 (1.05-1.54) | 0.60 (0.54-0.99) | 0.76 (0.62-0.93) | 0.82 (0.5-1.04) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Level of education | ||||
High school or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some postsecondary education | 1.51 (1.11-2.04) | 2.41 (1.56-3.73) | 1.33 (1.01-1.82) | 1.94 (1.25-3.03) |
University or College education | 1.50 (1.25-1.78) | 1.88 (1.50-2.37) | 1.68 (1.40-2.02) | 1.90 (1.40-2.53) |
Marital Status | ||||
No Partner | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Partner | 1.28 (1.02-1.64) | 1.23 (1.01-1.38) | 1.48 (1.04-1.38) | 1.70 (1.05-2.07) |
Maternal Health Characteristics | ||||
Previous depression diagnosis | ||||
No | 0.98 (0.82-1.19) | 0.91 (0.70-1.17) | 0.99 (0.81-1.2) | 0.94 (0.870-1.23) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Underweight | 1.13 (0.82-1.47) | 1.21 (1.00-1.47) | 1.40 (1.02-1.47) | 1.37 (1.01-2.12) |
Normal | 1.21 (0.87-1.67) | 1.73 (1.03-1.87) | 1.50 (1.3-1.75) | 1.24 (1.02-1.51) |
Overweight or Obese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Pregnancy-Related Characteristics | ||||
Gravidity | ||||
Primigravida | 1.54 (1.33-1.79) | 1.64 (1.33-2.03) | 1.18 (1.04-2.56) | 1.19 (1.02-2.68) |
Multigravida | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Reaction to pregnancy | ||||
Happy | 1.08 (0.64-1.82) | 0.78 (0.38-1.58) | 0.87 (0.51-1.50) | 0.85 (0.49-1.47) |
Indifferent | 0.92 (0.62-1.37) | 0.76 (0.43-1.32) | 1.12 (0.73-1.73) | 0.95 (0.47-1.93) |
Unhappy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health problems during pregnancy | ||||
No | 1.16 (0.98-1.37) | 1.22 (0.98-1.52) | 1.08 (0.93-1.28) | 1.14 (0.91-1.42) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | ||||
No | 2.07 (1.66-2.58) | 2.53 (1.94-3.30) | 2.52 (1.95-3.26) | 2.76 (1.71-4.44) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Delivery Characteristics | ||||
Type of PNC provider | ||||
Obs/Gyn | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Family Doctor | 1.20 (1.04-1.39) | 1.47 (1.21-1.80) | 1.31 (1.12-1.54) | 1.26 (1.02-1.54) |
Midwife | 2.60 (1.69-4.03) | 3.60 (1.61-7.87) | 2.28 (1.57-3.32) | 1.91 (1.31-2.78) |
Nurse or nurse practitioner/other | 1.10 (0.71-2.52) | 1.10 (0.71-2.52) | 1.16 (0.71-2.52) | 0.99 (0.71-2.52) |
Type of Delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 1.27 (1.09-1.47) | 1.14 (0.92-1.42) | 1.18 (1.00-1.39) | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) |
Cesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Birth Setting | ||||
Hospital | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Birthing center/Private home | 1.44 (0.94-11.23) | 2.35 (0.91-12.88) | 2.83 (1.17-6.83) | 2.41 (1.34-4.03) |
Postpartum Characteristics | ||||
Baby’s admission to the NICU | ||||
No | 1.23 (1.03-1.47) | 1.67 (1.31-2.13) | 1.59 (1.30-1.95) | 1.32 (1.30-1.95) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Work after delivery | ||||
No | 1.13 (0.94-1.37) | 1.29 (0.99-1.66) | 1.30 (1.07-1.58) | 1.40 (1.07-1.58) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Support After delivery | ||||
All of the time/Most of the time | 1.02 (0.73-1.40) | 1.09 (0.70-1.70) | 0.88 (0.60-1.32) | 0.62 (0.37-1.02) |
Some of the time | 0.74 (0.51-1.08) | 0.99 (0.58-1.67) | 0.99 (0.64-1.24) | 0.69 (0.46-1.05) |
None/Little of the time | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Intimate Partner Violence | ||||
No | 0.83 (0.66-1.04) | 0.72 (0.52-1.01) | 1.15 (0.92-1.45) | 1.23 (0.86-1.77) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |