Table 1 Maternal socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, stratified by HSV-2 status

Maternal age (n = 1512)

χ ² = 20.34 p <0.001

 16–23 years

116 (24)

155 (15)

 24–26 years

148 (30)

302 (29)

 27–30 years

119 (24)

319 (31)

 31 years

104 (21)

249 (24)

Marital status (n = 1509)

χ ² = 0.82 p = 0.364

 Married/cohabiting

415 (85)

891 (87)

 Single/divorced/widowed

71 (15)

132 (13)

Age at leaving full-time education (n = 1088)

χ ² = 4.39 p = 0.111

 ≤16 years

53 (21)

222 (27)

 17–18 years

65 (26)

230 (27)

 ≥19 years

133 (53)

385 (46)

Parity (n = 1423)

χ ² = 16.70 p <0.001

 0

245 (53)

402 (42)

 1

165 (36)

392 (41)

 ≥2

54 (12)

165 (17)

Previous pregnancy terminations (n = 1398)

χ ² = 63.35 p <0.001

 0

280 (62)

373 (40)

 1

79 (17)

214 (23)

 ≥2

95 (21)

357 (38)

Pregnancy planned (n = 1501)

χ ² = 3.44 p  = 0.064

 No

130 (27)

320 (31)

 Yes

355 (73)

696 (69)

Has access to family planning (n = 1087)

χ ² = 28.02 p <0.001

 No

75 (16)

39 (6)

 Yes

388 (84)

585 (94)

Timing of HIV diagnosis (n = 1513),

χ ² = 6.06 p = 0.109

 Before pregnancy

167 (34)

407 (40)

 First or second trimester

264 (54)

532 (52)

 Third trimester/delivery

56 (12)

87 (8)

History of IDU (n = 1504)

χ ² = 6.48 p = 0.011

 No

409 (84)

800 (79)

 Yes

77 (16)

218 (21)

Partner’s HIV status^a (n = 1352)

χ ² = 36.95 p <0.001

 Unknown

137 (32)

238 (26)

 Negative

144 (34)

210 (23)

 Positive

146 (34)

477 (52)

HCV serostatus (n = 1402)

χ ² = 46.82 p <0.001

 Negative

344 (79)

589 (61)

 Positive

89 (21)

380 (39)

Hepatitis B surface antigen (n = 1451)

χ ² = 18.89 p <0.001

 Negative

409 (87)

756 (77)

 Positive

62 (13)

224 (23)

Antenatal/intrapartum antiretrovirals (n = 1508)

χ ² = 31.42 p <0.001

 cART

183 (38)

542 (53)

 ZDV +/− sdNVP

283 (58)

443 (43)

 None or sdNVP only

19 (4)

38 (4)