Table 3 Measurements used to determine trial outcomes

Exams

75 g oral glucose tolerance test

6 months, annual

Diabetes/intermediate hyperglycemia [57]; insulin resistance [69]

Glycated hemoglobin

6 months, annual

Diabetes [57]

HDL-C, triglycerides

6 months, annual

Metabolic syndrome [78]

Weight

6 months, annual

Weight loss/maintenance

Height

Blood pressure, heart rate (Omron 765CP, Omron, Kyoto, Japan)

6 months, annual

Metabolic syndrome [78]

Waist and hip circumferences

6 months, annual

Metabolic syndrome [78]

Abdominal height (Holtain-Kahn caliper, Seritex, Tinton Falls, NJ, United States)

6 months, annual

Percent body fat (InnerScan BC-1500,Tanita)

6 months, annual

Handgrip strength (Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer); 6 min walking test; sit and reach test (Wells bench, Wood-WCS)

6 months, annual

Accelerometry (ActiGraph WGT3X)

6 months, annual

Reaching 7500 steps/day [75]

Questionnaires

Quality of life [62]

Annual

Depressive symptoms (Edinburgh questionnaire) [79]

6 months, annual

Perceived body image [64] and diabetes risk [66]

Annual

Sleep quality (Pittsburg questionnaire) [80]

Annual

Breastfeeding status

6 months, 1 year

Duration of exclusive and overall breastfeeeding

Dietary recall/registry

6 months, annual

Physical activity and sedentary behavior (IPAQ long version, leisure-time and transportation sections [58]; sedentary behaviors questionnaire) [59–61].

6 months, annual