Higher maternal leptin levels at second trimester are associated with subsequent greater gestational weight gain in late pregnancy

Table 1 Characteristics of 675 pregnant women included in Gen3G at 1^st and 2^nd trimesters

Characteristics	1^st trimester	2^nd trimester
Characteristics	Mean ± SD or median [IQR] or %	Mean ± SD or median [IQR] or %
Age (years)	28.2 ± 4.3	---
Ethnic background	97.2	---
(% European descent)	97.2	---
Parity (% primiparous)	52.0	---
Gestational weeks	9.4 ± 2.0	26.4 ± 1.0
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.9 [21.5–27.3]	26.6 [24.1–29.8]
% body fat	31.3 ± 8.0	35.4 ± 6.4
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	110.5 ± 9.8	107.3 ± 8.9
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	68.9 ± 6.9	67.4 ± 6.6
Physical activity (kcal/kg/day)	1.1 [0.5–1.9]	0.9 [0.4–1.5]
Nutrition
Fruits & vegetables (per day)	5.6 ± 2.4	6.1 ± 2.5
Restaurant meals (per week)	1.0 [0.5–2.0]	1.0 [0.5–2.0]
Leptin levels non fasting (ng/ml)	8.0 [4.5–13.0]	---
Leptin levels during OGTT (ng/ml)
Fasting	---	13.3 [8.3–20.6]
1-h post OGTT	---	10.3 [6.1–16.0]
2-h post OGTT	---	9.6 [5.3–15.3]

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range). Variables not normally distributed were log-transformed. At 1^st trimester, ranges of leptin levels were 0.9 to 59.7 ng/ml. At 2^nd trimester, ranges of leptin were 1.1 to 85.8 ng/ml fasting, 0.9 to 56.2 ng/ml 1-h post OGTT, and 0.8 to 53.2 ng/ml 2-h post OGTT. For ethnic background and % body fat at 1^st trimester: n = 671. For gestational weeks at 2^nd trimester and body mass index at 2^nd trimester: n = 674. For parity and systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 2^nd trimester: n = 673. For waist circumference at 1^st trimester: n = 662. For physical activity at 1^st trimester: n = 666. For nutrition: 641 ≤ n ≤ 667. For % body fat at 2^nd trimester and physical activity at 2^nd trimester: n = 669

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