A geospatial analysis of the impacts of maternity care fee payment policies on the uptake of skilled birth care in Ghana

Table 3 Estimated posterior odds ratios of the fixed effects and their corresponding 95 % credible intervals

Variables	Model 1 OR [95 % CI]	Model 2 OR [95 % CI]	Model 3 OR [95 % CI]	Model 4 OR [95 % CI]
Primary variable
Policy at time of birth
Cash and Carry			1.00	1.00
Free antenatal care			1.24 [1.13, 1.35]**	1.17 [1.04, 1.31]**
Free delivery			1.92 [1.68, 2.19]**	1.67 [1.42, 1.96]**
NHIS			2.10 [1.79, 2.47]**	1.65 [1.37, 1.99]**
Control variables
Educational status
No formal education				1.00
Primary				1.15 [1.01, 1.30]*
Secondary or higher				1.66 [1.43, 1.92]**
Religious affiliation
Christian				1.00
Muslim				1.00 [0.85, 1.17]
Other				0.56 [0.48, 0.65]**
Partner's educational status
Don't know/No formal education				1.00
Primary				1.31 [1.13, 1.50]**
Secondary or higher				1.53 [1.36, 1.72]**
Household wealth status
Poorest				1.00
poor				1.19 [1.03, 1.37]*
middle				1.24 [1.07, 1.44]**
rich				1.42 [1.23, 1.66]**
richest				2.15 [1.84, 2.53]**
Place of residence
Urban				1.00
Rural				0.33 [0.28, 0.38]**
Model summary statistics
\( \overline{D}\left(\theta \right) \)	16,836.2	14,106.4	13,963.4	11,423.5
\( D\left(\overline{\theta}\right) \)	16,835.2	14,011.9	13,865.2	11,305.1
P ^D	1.0	94.5	98.2	118.4
DIC	16,837.2	14,201.0	14,061.7	11,541.8
Posterior mean spatial effects [SD]
Structured	NA	1.53 [0.26]	1.52 [0.26]	0.66 [0.15]
Unstructured	NA	0.02 [0.02]	0.02 [0.03]	0.02 [0.02]

Model 0: null model—without covariates and spatial effects; Model 1: spatial effects only (no covariates); Model 2: policy at time of birth + spatial effects; Model 3: policy at time of birth + controls + spatial effects
**P < 0.01; *p < 0.05, CI credible intervals

ISSN: 1471-2393