Psychosocial factors associated with early initiation and frequency of antenatal care (ANC) visits in a rural and urban setting in South Africa: a cross-sectional survey

Table 1 Factors associated with early ANC initiation (<16 weeks) among women aged 18–44 years in last pregnancy (N = 829)

Variables	Rural (N = 363)		Urban (N = 466)
Variables	Odds Ratio^a (95 % CI)	p-value	Odds Ratio^a (95 % CI)	p-value
Married	1.9 (1.0–3.6)	0.039*	1.5 (0.9–2.4)	0.131
Previous miscarriage	1.2 (0.7–2.3)	0.501	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	0.330
Employed	-	-	1.6 (1.0–2.5)	0.039*
More than one child	-	-	1.0 (0.6–1.7)	0.859
Wanted pregnancy	-	-	1.8 (1.1–3.0)	0.029*
High Religiosity	0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.006**	1.3 (0.8–1.9)	0.292
Partner with higher education	1.9 (1.2–3.0)	0.009**	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.076
Older Partner Age	-	-	2.4 (0.7–7.7)	0.165
Father of child present	-	-	1.0 (0.3–3.0)	0.933

**p < 0.01 *p < 0.05
^aOdds ratio adjusted for clustering. Final model for Rural (WC) site: marital status; previous miscarriage, religiosity and partner education. Final model for Urban (Tshwane) site: marital status; previous miscarriage, employment status, parity, desire for pregnancy(wanted pregnancy), religiosity, partner education, partner age and presence of the father of the child

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