Table 2 Results by type of demand-side intervention
From: Demand-side interventions for maternal care: evidence of more use, not better outcomes
Community mobilization | |||||||
| Â | Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance |
Fottrell | NS | NS | NS | ARR: 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) | NS | NS | NS |
Hounton | NS | -- | OR: 0.75 (0.70, 0.80) | -- | -- | 30Â % increase | -- |
Lewycka | AOR: 0 · 51 (0 · 26–0 · 99) | -- | NS | NS | Any ANC at health facility AOR: 1.50 (1.03 to 2.19) | NS | NS |
Manandhar | AOR: 0.22 (0.05–0.90) | NS | -- | AOR: 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | Any ANC AOR: 2 · 82 (1.41–5.62) | AOR: 3 · 55 (1 · 56–8 · 05) | Doctor, nurse, or midwife AOR: 3 · 53 (1 · 54–8 · 10) |
More | -- | NS | NS | AOR: 1.48 (1.06, 2.08) | NS | NS | -- |
Mushi | -- | -- | -- | -- | Early ANC booking increase from 18.7 to 56.9 %, p < 0.001 | -- | Increase in SBA from 34.1 to 51.4 %, p < 0.05 |
Persson | -- | -- | -- | NS | AOR: 2.27 (1.07–4.80) | NS | -- |
Tripathy | NS | NS | AOR: 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | AOR: 0 · 68 (0 · 59–0 · 78) | NS | NS | NS |
Financial incentives | |||||||
| Â | Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance |
Bellows | -- | -- | -- | -- | Any ANC visit: OR: 16.5 (4.0–68.1) | OR: 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | OR: 1.2 (1.1-1.4) |
|  |  |  |  |  | 4 + ANC visits: OR: 1.9 (1.6–2.4) |  |  |
De Allegri | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase from 49 to 84 % (p < 0.001) | -- |
Gupta | Increased (1985 to 2444 per 100,000 live births) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 42.6Â % increase in FBD | -- |
Ir | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase in FBD from 16.3 to 44.9Â % of the expected number of births (2.4 to 7Â % for voucher recipients, 58.1 to 69.8Â % for Health Equity Fund recipients) | -- |
Lim | NS | -- | −3.7 (−5.2, −2.2) | −2.3 (−3.7, −0.9) | 3 ANC visits: 10.7 % (9.1 to 12.3) | 43.5 % (42.5 to 44.6) increase in FBD | 36.6 % (35.6 to 37.7) increase in SBA |
Nguyen | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cross sectional difference | 37.5 % in intervention vs. 18.7 % in comparison areas, p < 0.001 | 63.7 % in intervention vs. 27.1 % in comparison areas, p < 0.001 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Any ANC check-up: 91.6 % vs. 75.6 %, p < 0.001 |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | ≥ 3 ANC check-ups 0.241 |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | 54.8 % vs. 33.6 %, p < 0.001 |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | ≥1 ANC visit with qualified provider 79.2 % vs. 54.9 %, p < 0.001 |  |  |
Randive | NS | -- | -- | -- | -- | Increase from 20 to 49 %, p < 0.05 | -- |
Both | |||||||
| Â | Maternal mortality ratio | Stillbirth rate | Perinatal mortality rate | Neonatal mortality rate | Antenatal care | Facility-based delivery | Skilled birth attendance |
Barber | -- | -- | -- | -- | 12.2Â % increase in number of recommended ANC procedures received | -- | -- |