Table 1 Description of studies included in the review
From: Demand-side interventions for maternal care: evidence of more use, not better outcomes
Author | Publication Year | Country | Setting | Participants | Study Design | Eligibility Criteria | Intervention | Primary Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community Mobilization | ||||||||
Fottrell | 2013 | Bangladesh | Rural | 19,301 births | Cluster-RCT | Women permanently residing in the study area who had a recorded birth or pregnancy related death in the final 24Â months of the intervention | Monthly peer-facilitated participatory action and learning groups where mothers discussed neonatal and maternal health problems and brainstormed ideas to address them | NMR |
Hounton | 2009 | Burkina Faso | Rural | Intervention: 43,612 women Control: 52,126 women | Quasi-experimental | Women aged 12–49 who had been pregnant during the survey reference period | Community leaders led structured meetings with health professionals, religious leaders, and administrative officials to identify barriers to care and plan solutions | Institutional births, NMR, MMR |
Lewycka | 2013 | Malawi | Rural | 24 intervention and control clusters (Intervention: 27,361 women Control: 28,570 women) | Cluster-RCT | Women of childbearing age (10–49) that lived in the study area | Trained facilitators led community based groups to identify maternal and child health problems and solutions | MMR, PMR, NMR, IMR exclusive breastfeeding |
Manandhar | 2004 | Nepal | Rural | Intervention clusters: 14,884 participants Control clusters: 14,047 participants | Cluster-RCT | Closed cohort of married women of reproductive age (15–49) who could become pregnant | Trained, local facilitators led women’s groups to increase knowledge and implement action for change | NMR |
More | 2012 | Mumbai (India) | Urban (slums) | 24 Intervention & control settlements 283,000 total population 18,197 births | Cluster-RCT | Women of child bearing age in intervention settlement | Series of 26 women's group sessions led by facilitator to increase knowledge develop an implement local strategies to address identified priority issues | Perinatal care, MMR, extended perinatal mortality |
Mushi | 2010 | Tanzania | Rural | 512 deliveries | Pre-post | All deliveries that occurred during the study period | Safe motherhood promoters led community groups and conduct home visits with pregnant women | Skilled birth attendance |
Persson | 2013 | Vietnam | Rural and urban | Intervention: 44 communes Control: 46 communes | Cluster-RCT | Mother-newborn pairs in districts with NMR ≥ 15/1000 | Local facilitators led monthly meetings with health workers, health center staff, and community members to prioritize perinatal health problems and solutions | NMR |
Tripathy | 2010 | India | Rural | 18 intervention and control cluster (18,775 total births) | Cluster-RCT | Women 15–49 years old who had given birth during the study period and were residing in project area | Trained, local women facilitated monthly meetings using the participatory learning and action cycle to share information, identify maternal and newborn health problems, and collectively design, implement, and evaluate strategies to address these problems | NMR, maternal depression scores |
Financial Incentives | ||||||||
Bellows | 2013 | Kenya | Urban (informal settlements) | 4362 women | Pre-post | The 2005/06 data set included all females aged 12–54 years old who were registered in the longitudinal NUHDSS and had a live birth or stillbirth between January 2004 and December 2005. The second data set included all females aged 12–54 who had given birth in the last 6 months | Eligible women could purchase vouchers that covered antenatal care, facility-based delivery, and postnatal care | Delivery in a health facility |
De Allegri | 2012 | Burkina Faso | Rural | 1934 women | Pre-post | Women residing in the 1050 households in Nouna Health District included in the representative sample | Women who presented for a normal facility-based delivery received an 80Â % subsidy, women who presented for complicated deliveries or C-sections charged proportionally higher rates | Delivery in a health facility |
Gupta | 2012 | India | Rural and urban | Pre: 3929 women Post: 5604 women | Pre-post | All women who delivered at the NSCB Medical College & Hospital of Jabalpur district between August 2003 and August 2007. All pregnant women were eligible to receive the JSY cash incentive if they chose to deliver in a facility | Provided antenatal and postnatal services as well as a cash incentive for mothers after they delivered in a government or accredited private health facility | Maternal mortality and maternal morbidity |
Ir | 2010 | Cambodia | Rural | 2725 women | Quasi-experimental | Pregnant women who received vouchers and had a facility-based delivery in the three districts where the program was implemented | Women received vouchers for antenatal visits, facility-based deliveries, and postnatal care as well as funds for transportation costs. Health Equity Fund schemes were also in place to promote access to health services for the poor | Proportion of facility- based deliveries |
Lim | 2010 | India | Rural and urban | 182,869 women | Quasi-experimental | Women 15–44 years old included in the DLHS survey | Women received a financial incentive after delivering in a government or accredited private health facility | Perinatal death, neonatal death, MMR |
Nguyen | 2012 | Bangladesh | Rural and urban | 16 intervention & comparison sub-districts (1104 women in each) | Quasi-experimental | Women who had delivered 6Â months prior to the survey | Women received money for transport costs and vouchers for antenatal care, safe delivery care in a facility or at home, emergency care for obstetric complications, and postnatal care. After delivery with a qualified provider women also received a cash incentive and gift box | ANC visits, institutional delivery, delivery attended by a qualified provider (facility or at home), incidence of C-section, incidence of PNC check-ups with a qualified provider |
Randive | 2013 | India | Rural and urban | 284 districts (population 1.7 million) | Pre-post | Population-based national level surveys containing maternal mortality and birth data | Women received a financial incentive after delivering in a government or accredited private health facility | MMR, institutional births |
Barber | 2009 | Mexico | Rural | Intervention: 712 births Control: 180 births | RCT | Women eligible for Oportunidades (low-income household in a marginalized community) who lived in the treatment or control communities, had a singleton live birth between 1997 and 2003, and who received and reported on ONC | Households received a cash transfer if a woman attended educational programming and completed a prescribed prenatal care plan (% ANC visits and nutritional supplements) | Overall quality of care score, quality scores within three domains (history taking and diagnostics, physical examination, and prevention) |