The triple threat of pregnancy, HIV infection and malaria: reported causes of maternal mortality in two nationwide health facility assessments in Mozambique, 2007 and 2012

Table 2 Number of weighted and unweighted institutional maternal deaths and overall and cause-specific institutional maternal mortality ratios, by year

	Deaths reported in 2007 (12 months of data)					Deaths reported in 2012 (3 months of data)
	n (unwt)	n (wt)	MMR per 100,000 births^a	95 % Confidence Interval		n (unwt)	MMR per 100,000 births^a	95 % Confidence Interval
Overall institutional MMR	2,199	2,596	541	364.7	718.3	459	284	168.6	400.0
Direct causes of death	1,450	1,689	352	231.0	473.1	192	119	63.5	174.4
Antepartum hemorrhage	113	133	28	15.8	40.3	19	12	4.8	18.8
Postpartum hemorrhage/at delivery	129	183	37	23.5	51.2	52	32	11.5	52.9
Severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia	230	246	52	15.7	87.3	29	18	8.8	27.2
Prolonged/obstructed labor	158	212	44	22.4	66.4	21	13	−0.8	26.8
Uterine rupture	130	139	29	18.5	40.0	22	14	6.1	21.1
Sepsis	101	107	23	12.3	33.0	28	17	7.3	27.4
Ectopic pregnancy	86	86	18	−7.1	43.6	9	6	−1.1	12.3
Abortion	104	106	22	9.7	35.2	7	4	−2.0	10.6
Other direct causes^b	399	476	113	58.5	166.6	5	3	0.0	6.2
Indirect causes	749	906	189	83.6	295.3	226	140	50.9	229.1
Malaria	196	240	56	1.9	109.7	63	39	−3.0	81.1
Malaria + anemia	-	-				27	17	−2.6	36.0
HIV	197	246	57	24.5	89.8	57	35	−11.4	82.0
HIV + anemia	-	-				8	5	−1.2	11.1
Malaria + HIV	-	-				16	10	−6.3	26.1
Anemia	-	-				34	21	9.8	32.3
Other indirect causes^c	356	420	98	32.3	163.4	21	13	3.0	23.0
Unspecified/unknown^d						41	25	2.6	48.2

^a2007 unweighted number of institutional deliveries = 312,537, weighted = 478,308. 2012 required no weighting, number of institutional deliveries = 161,986
^bIn 2012 other direct causes included suicide (rat poisoning), polyhydramnios, pyomyosites, complications from anesthesia or surgery
^cIn 2012 other indirect causes included intoxication with tradtional medicines, asthma, pulmonary edema, respiratory insufficiency, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, choked, brain tumor, hepatitis, cardiovascular disease, kidney failure
^dIn 2007 unspecified or unknown causes of death were grouped with “other” direct or indirect causes.
wt = weighted; unwt = unweighted

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