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Table 5 Multiple regression analysis of infant weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores from birth to 6-months using mixed models

From: Associations between gestational anthropometry, maternal HIV, and fetal and early infancy growth in a prospective rural/semi-rural Tanzanian cohort, 2012-13

Covariatea

Weight-for-age z-score

Length-for-age z-score

β

P

95 % CI

β

P

95 % CI

Infant age, months

-0.02

0.091

-0.05, 0.00

-0.13

<0.001

-0.18, -0.09

Infant is female

-1.11

<0.001

-1.44, -0.79

-0.10

<0.001

-1.36, -0.63

Maternal parity

-0.01

0.892

-0.10, 0.09

-0.08

0.141

-0.19, 0.03

Gestational mid-upper arm circumference, cm

0.11

<0.001

0.05, 0.17

0.11

0.001

0.05, 0.18

Mother was formally educated

-0.12

0.629

-0.60, 0.36

-0.03

0.904

-0.57, 0.50

Mother is HIV-positive

-0.65

<0.001

-1.00, -0.31

-0.49

0.012

-0.88, -0.11

Household has electricity

0.40

0.166

-0.17, 0.96

0.46

0.152

-0.17, 1.10

Exclusive breastfeeding durationb, wk

-0.02

0.272

-0.06, 0.02

-0.02

0.358

-0.06, 0.02

Breastfeeding scorec

0.06

0.284

-0.05, 0.17

0.02

0.728

-0.10, 0.14

  1. HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  2. aMixed models include all covariates listed
  3. bExclusive breastfeeding according to World Health Organization definition where no food or liquid other than prescribed medications, vitamins/minerals, or oral rehydration fluids given
  4. cA study-specific breastfeeding score was evaluated at each visit, and the individual visit scores were summed to provide an overall breastfeeding score. Infant feeding practices were scored as: 0 = no breastfeeding; 1 = partial breastfeeding (defined as breast milk plus other foods and/or liquids); 2 = predominant breastfeeding (defined as breast milk plus locally-prepared non-prescription anti-colic/anti-gripe water); 3 = exclusive breastfeeding. The overall breastfeeding score summarized infant feeding practices over the one to 6-month period, with scores ranging from 0 to 12. In this cohort, the mean breastfeeding score (±standard deviation) was 6.7 ± 2.3