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Table 4 Early infancy anthropometry, stratified by HIV exposure and gestational mid-upper arm circumference at enrollmenta

From: Associations between gestational anthropometry, maternal HIV, and fetal and early infancy growth in a prospective rural/semi-rural Tanzanian cohort, 2012-13

 

Age

0 (birth)

1-month

2-months

3-months

6-months

Overall

N

88

88

87

91

89

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.27 (-0.48, -0.52)

-0.23 (-0.47, -0.00)

-0.15 (-0.42, 0.12)

-0.28 (-0.55, 0.01)

-0.41 (-0.68, -0.13)

Length-for-age z-score

-1.52 (-1.76, -1.28)b

-1.70 (-2.01, -1.38)

-1.77 (-2.09, -1.44)

-1.75 (-2.05, -1.45)

-2.35 (-2.70, -1.99)

Underweight, %

3.4

4.6

8.1

8.8

6.7

Stunting, %

25.0

44.3

48.3

41.1

57.3

HIV-exposed

N

34

36

33

34

33

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.61 (-1.00, -0.22)*

-0.63 (-1.06, -0.20)**

-0.67 (-1.16, -0.18)**

-0.86 (-1.34, -0.38)***

-0.88 (-1.40, -0.36)**

Length-for-age z-score

-1.89 (-2.39, -1.40)*b

-1.99 (-2.53, -1.44)

-2.27 (-2.85, -1.70)*

-2.10 (-2.63, -1.56)

-2.71 (-3.27, -2.15)

Underweight,%

5.9

11.1*

18.2**

17.7*

15.2*

Stunting, %

37.9*

55.6

63.6*

48.9

66.7

HIV-unexposed

N

54

52

54

57

56

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.05 (-0.29, 0.19)

0.04 (-0.20, 0.28)

0.17 (-0.13, 0.46)

0.06 (-0.24, 0.36)

-0.13 (-0.42, 0.17)

Length-for-age z-score

-1.29 (-1.53, -1.05)b

-1.49 (-1.87, -1.11)

-1.46 (-1.84, -1.07)

-1.55 (-1.91, -1.19)

-2.13 (-2.60, -1.67)

Underweight, %

1.9

0.0

1.9

3.5

1.8

Stunting, %

17.0

36.5

38.9

36.8

51.8

Low gestational mid-upper arm circumference

N

33

32

33

36

35

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.53 (-0.90, -0.15)

-0.65 (-1.04, -0.27)**

-0.53 (-0.96, -0.11)*

-0.75 (-1.14, -0.36)**

-0.86 (-1.23, -0.49)**

Length-for-age z-score

-1.81 (-2.20, -1.43)b

-1.83 (-2.34, -1.32)

-1.82 (-2.36, -1.28)

-2.21 (-2.64, -1.77)

-2.93 (-3.60, -2.26)**

Underweight, %

6.1

6.3

9.1

11.1

8.6

Stunting, %

32.1

43.8

48.5

52.8

71.4*

High gestational mid-upper arm circumference

N

55

56

54

55

54

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.11 (-0.37, 0.15)

0.01 (-0.27, 0.28)

0.09 (-0.26, 0.43)

0.02 (-0.33, 0.38)

-0.11 (-0.48, 0.26)

Length-for-age z-score

-1.35 (-1.66, -1.04)b

-1.62 (-2.03, -1.21)

-1.73 (-2.16, -1.31)

-1.45 (-1.84, -1.06)

-1.97 (-2.35, -1.58)

Underweight, %

1.8

3.6

7.4

7.3

5.6

Stunting, %

20.8

44.6

48.2

33.3

48.2

  1. aData are unadjusted means and 95 % confidence intervals. “Low” gestational mid-upper arm circumference was classified as the lowest tertile of the cohort distribution (range: 20.7-25.5 cm) and high as the middle and highest tertiles combined (range: 25.7-33.5 cm). Significant differences between groups (HIV-exposed vs. HIV-unexposed; low vs. high gestational mid-upper arm circumference at enrollment) were tested using Student’s t-test for continuous variable and Pearson chi-square test for categorical outcomes (underweight and stunting); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  2. bLength measurements at birth were available from n = 76 participants (HIV-exposed: n = 29; HIV-unexposed: n = 47; Low gestational mid-upper arm circumference: n = 28; High gestational mid-upper arm circumference: n = 48)
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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