Associations between gestational anthropometry, maternal HIV, and fetal and early infancy growth in a prospective rural/semi-rural Tanzanian cohort, 2012-13

Table 3 Adjusted linear regression of infant birth outcomes with maternal HIV status and nutrition at enrollment

Main predictor	Gestational age at birth, wk (n = 100)			Birth weight, g (n = 88)			Birth length, cm (n = 76)			Birth MUAC, cm (n = 76)			Birth head circumference, cm (n = 76)
	β	P	95 % CI	β	P	95 % CI	β	P	95 % CI	β	P	95 % CI	Β	P	95 % CI
MUAC, cm	0.24	0.06	-0.01, 0.50	27.44	0.12	-7.26, 62.15	0.21	0.01	0.04, 0.38	0.06	0.23	-0.04, 0.15	0.08	0.31	-0.07, 0.22
TSF, mm	0.08	0.24	-0.05, 0.21	10.56	0.24	-7.11, 28.23	0.09	0.04	0.01, 0.17	0.03	0.19	-0.02, 0.08	0.05	0.14	-0.02, 0.13
Weight, kg	0.01	0.89	-0.08, 0.09	13.89	0.02	2.50, 25.28	0.06	0.04	0.00, 0.11	0.03	0.04	0.00, 0.06	0.01	0.53	-0.03, 0.06
Height, cm	-0.03	0.62	-0.16, 0.09	12.71	0.14	-4.37, 29.78	0.04	0.30	-0.04, 0.13	0.02	0.35	-0.02, 0.07	-0.00	0.98	-0.07, 0.07
BMI, kg/m^b	0.06	0.66	-0.20, 0.31	31.41	0.08	-3.32, 66.14	0.16	0.06	-0.01, 0.33	0.09	0.06	-0.00, 0.18	0.05	0.48	-0.09, 0.20
HIV-seropositivity	-0.18	0.82	-1.74, 1.38	-280.38	0.01	-500.80, -59.96	-1.03	0.05	-2.08, 0.01	-0.21	0.78	-1.66, 1.25	-0.41	0.36	-1.29, 0.48
	Mean ± SD		P	Mean ± SD		P	Mean ± SD		P	Mean ± SD		P	Mean ± SD		P
MUAC tertile^b (MUAC range)
Tertile 1 (20.7-25.5 cm)	37.5 ± 0.5		0.159	3062 ± 78		0.119	46.0 ± 0.4^a		0.016	10.7 ± 0.9		0.252	33.9 ± 0.3^a		0.025
Tertile 2 (25.7-27.8 cm)	38.0 ± 0.6			3185 ± 91			46.4 ± 0.4^a,b			10.6 ± 0.9			35.2 ± 0.4^b
Tertile 3 (28.0-33.5 cm)	39.1 ± 0.6			3311 ± 81			47.5 ± 0.4^b			11.1 ± 0.9			34.8 ± 0.3^a,b

^aAll models have been adjusted for maternal age, parity, education, gestational age at the time of gestational anthropometric measurement, and infant gender. Models with gestational nutritional indicators as the main predictor have also been adjusted for maternal HIV status. Abbreviations: HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference, HC head circumference, BMI body mass index, TSF triceps skinfold thickness
^bData are predicted means and standard deviations, adjusted for the covariates listed in footnote 1; for significant results, post hoc comparisons were made. Groups with different subscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05)

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