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Table 1 Characteristics of pregnant women and their newborn infants in a prospective cohort, Tanzania, 2012-2013a

From: Associations between gestational anthropometry, maternal HIV, and fetal and early infancy growth in a prospective rural/semi-rural Tanzanian cohort, 2012-13

  

Maternal HIV status

Gestational MUAC at enrollment (cm)

Characteristics

Overall

Positive

Negative

P

≤25.5

25.6-27.9

≥28.0

P

(n = 114)

(n = 44)

(n = 70)

(n = 42)

(n = 35)

(n = 37)

Maternal characteristics at enrollment

        

 Gestational age at enrollment, weeks

26.9 ± 6.9

23.7 ± 7.1

28.9 ± 6.0

<0.001b

28.5 ± 5.8

25.4 ± 7.2

26.4 ± 7.4

0.135c

 Age, y

28.0 ± 6.0

28.9 ± 6.0

27.4 ± 6.0

0.192b

27.4 ± 5.8

27.2 ± 5.6

29.4 ± 6.5

0.202c

 Married, %

86.8

72.7

95.7

<0.001d

85.7

91.4

83.8

0.608d

 Primiparous, %

14.0

15.9

12.9

0.648d

16.7

14.3

10.8

0.755d

 Mid-upper arm circumference, cm

26.9 ± 2.7

27.3 ± 2.9

26.6 ± 2.5

0.192b

24.2 ± 1.2a

26.9 ± 0.6b

29.9 ± 1.6c

<0.001c

 Triceps skinfold thickness, mm

14.1 ± 5.4

14.6 ± 5.1

13.9 ± 5.5

0.499b

10.2 ± 2.6a

13.6 ± 3.8b

19.1 ± 5.1c

<0.001c

 Weight, kg

60.0 ± 7.8

60.3 ± 8.2

60.0 ± 7.6

0.859b

54.4 ± 5.2a

59.0 ± 5.1b

67.2 ± 6.8c

<0.001c

 Height, cm

160.0 ± 5.5

160.1 ± 5.3

159.8 ± 5.7

0.788b

159.3 ± 5.3

160.3 ± 5.9

160.4 ± 5.6

0.611c

 Body mass index, kg/mb

23.4 ± 2.6

23.4 ± 2.9

23.4 ± 2.5

0.928b

21.4 ± 1.4a

23.0 ± 1.8b

26.1 ± 2.0c

<0.001c

 HIV-positive, %

38.6

100.0

--

--

33.3

34.3

48.7

0.310d

 CD4 cell count, cells/μL (n = 43)5

--

560 ± 290

--

--

568 ± 272

535 ± 274

572 ± 326

0.939c

 <200 cells/μL (n = 4),%

--

9.3

--

--

7.7

16.7

5.6

0.194d

 200 to 349 (n = 7), %

--

16.3

--

--

7.7

0.0

33.3

--

 350 to 499 (n = 12), %

--

27.9

--

--

30.8

41.7

16.7

--

 ≥500 (n = 20), %

--

46.5

--

--

53.9

41.7

44.4

--

 

(n = 100)

(n = 38)

(n = 62)

 

(n = 39)

(n = 29)

(n = 32)

 

Infant characteristics at birthf

        

 Gestational age at birth, weeks (n = 100)

38.2 ± 3.4

37.7 ± 3.0

38.4 ± 3.6

0.274b

37.6 ± 3.8

37.9 ± 3.3

39.0 ± 2.9

0.198c

 Preterm birth (<37 weeks), %

30.0

34.2

27.4

--

30.8

31.0

28.1

--

 Birth weight, g (n = 88)

3183 ± 448

3039 ± 493

3274 ± 396

0.016b

3064 ± 440

3209 ± 456

3290 ± 434

0.124c

 Low birth weight (<2500 g), %

4.6

5.9

3.7

--

6.1

8.3

0.0

--

 Birth length, cm (n = 76)

46.7 ± 2.0

46.0 ± 2.4

47.1 ± 1.6

0.026b

46.1 ± 1.9a

46.4 ± 2.2a,b

47.4 ± 1.8b

0.036c

 Birth mid-upper arm circumference, cm (n = 76)

10.7 ± 1.1

10.6 ± 1.1

10.8 ± 1.0

0.397b

10.2 ± 2.2

9.6 ± 3.3

10.3 ± 2.9

0.694c

 Birth head circumference, cm (n = 76)

34.6 ± 1.6

34.2 ± 1.4

34.7 ± 1.7

0.183b

34.0 ± 1.4

35.1 ± 1.7

34.7 ± 1.7

0.056c

  1. Abbreviations: HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference. The “--” symbol indicates data that are not applicable
  2. aValues are means ± standard deviation or frequencies
  3. bStudent’s t-test for comparisons of means between groups based on maternal HIV status as HIV-positive vs HIV-negative mothers
  4. cOne-way ANOVA test for comparisons of means between groups based on gestational MUAC values of MUAC = ≤25.5 vs 25.6 to 27.9 vs ≥28.0 cm; for significant results, post hoc comparisons were made. Different superscript letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05) between the groups
  5. dPearson chi-square test for comparison of proportions
  6. eCD4 cell count available from HIV-positive women only; CD4 was missing from one HIV-positive participant
  7. fAll birth anthropometric measurements were obtained within 72 h of birth. Birth data were available from 100/114 of the original cohort participants as 5/114 of pregnancies ended in miscarriage or stillbirth and 9/114 women exited the study prior to giving birth
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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