Differences in pregnancy outcomes and characteristics between insulin- and diet-treated women with gestational diabetes

Table 1 The general characteristics and the differences between both centers of the cohort of women with GDM

	General cohort N = −601	University hospital N = 269 (44.8 %)	Non-University hospital N = 332 (55.2 %)	p-value
Mean age (years)	31.9 ± 4.8	32.0 ± 4.8	31.5 ± 4.8	0.028
% first degree relative with diabetes	18.3 % (109)	14.9 % (40)	21.1 % (69)	<0.0001
% second degree relative with diabetes	21.8 % (130)	8.2 % (22)	33.0 % (108)	<0.0001
% with a history of GDM	13.1 % (78)	12.3 % (33)	13.8 % (45)	0.023
% overweight	32.2 % (158)	34.2 % (89)	30.0 % (69)	0.317
% obese	22.9 % (112)	22.3 % (58)	23.5 % (54)	0.758
% excessive weight gain	19.7 % (103)	22.0 % (55)	17.5 % (48)	0.197
% EMB	24.5 % (146)	37.2 % (100)	14.1 % (46)	<0.0001
Fasting glycaemia at OGTT in mg/dl (mmol/l)	90.0 ± 13.4 (5.0 ± 0.7)	93.6 ± 15.6 (5.5 ± 0.9)	87.3 ± 10.8 (4.8 ± 0.6)	<0.0001
HbA1c, mean in % (mmol/mol)	5.3 ± 0.5 (34 ± 6)	5.4 ± 0.5 (36 ± 6)	5.1 ± 0.4 (32 ± 5)	<0.0001
% Insulin use	24.1 % (145)	27.2 % (73)	21.8 % (72)	0.291
% macrosomia	8.7 % (52)	7.5 % (20)	9.7 % (32)	0.329
% LGA	16.9 % (101)	16.8 % (45)	17.1 % (56)	0.927
% Preterm delivery	13.0 % (187)	18.3 % (49)	8.8 % (29)	<0.0001
% cesarean section	31.2 % (187)	36.6 %(98)	26.96 % (89)	0.011
% shoulder dystocia	1.2 % (7)	2.2 % (6)	0.3 % (1)	0.029
% admission NICU	9.6 % (57)	16.4 % (44)	4.0 % (13)	<0.0001

GDM gestational diabetes, EMB ethnic minority background, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, LGA large-for-gestational age infants, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, P-values in bold are significant values

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