Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the study sample
NGT | GDM | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Statistics | N | Statistics | |||
Total sample size | 231 | 111 | ||||
HRQOL(VAS), score 0-100 | mean (std.err.) | 231 | 83.98 (0.79) | 111 | 80.31 (1.36) | 0.020 |
Age, years | mean (std.err.) | 231 | 38.99 (0.31) | 111 | 38.15 (0.44) | 0.120 |
Alcohol cons., units/week | mean (std.err.) | 231 | 2.39 (0.20) | 107 | 1.97 (0.28) | 0.232 |
Income (midpoint), € | mean (std.err.) | 202 | 36,139 (1044) | 91 | 37,198 (1584) | 0.577 |
Abnormal glucose tolerance post-partum | ||||||
no | % | 224 | 97.0 % | 92 | 82.9 % | <0.001 |
yes | % | 7 | 3.0 % | 19 | 17.1 % | |
Time after delivery | ||||||
year 2 | % | 5 | 2.2 % | 32 | 28.8 % | <0.001 |
year 3 | % | 20 | 8.7 % | 23 | 20.7 % | |
year 4 | % | 103 | 44.6 % | 33 | 29.7 % | |
year 5 | % | 103 | 44.6 % | 23 | 20.7 % | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
no | % | 78 | 33.8 % | 47 | 43.9 % | 0.072 |
yes | % | 153 | 66.2 % | 60 | 56.1 % | |
missing | % | 0 | 4 | |||
Smoking status | ||||||
past | % | 70 | 30.3 % | 43 | 38.7 % | 0.283 |
current | % | 30 | 13.0 % | 14 | 12.6 % | |
never | % | 131 | 56.7 % | 54 | 48.6 % | |
BMI (3 classes) | ||||||
normal or underweight | % | 120 | 51.9 % | 35 | 31.8 % | <0.001 |
overweight | % | 80 | 34.6 % | 42 | 38.2 % | |
obese | % | 31 | 13.4 % | 33 | 30.0 % | |
missing | % | 0 | 1 | |||
Subsequent miscarriages | ||||||
no | % | 196 | 90.7 % | 97 | 88.2 % | 0.469 |
yes | % | 20 | 9.3 % | 13 | 11.8 % | |
missing | % | 15 | 1 | |||
Mode of delivery | ||||||
spontaneous vaginal | % | 142 | 63.1 % | 47 | 42.3 % | <0.001 |
caesarian section | % | 52 | 23.1 % | 52 | 46.8 % | |
assisted vaginal | % | 31 | 13.8 % | 12 | 10.8 % | |
missing | % | 6 | 0 | |||
Cohabiting status | ||||||
single | % | 20 | 8.7 % | 11 | 9.9 % | 0.715 |
cohabiting | % | 210 | 91.3 % | 100 | 90.1 % | |
missing | % | 1 | 0 | |||
Employment status | ||||||
not employed | % | 84 | 36.7 % | 39 | 35.1 % | 0.781 |
employed or self-empl. | % | 145 | 63.3 % | 72 | 64.9 % | |
missing | % | 2 | 0 | |||
Household income level (€) | ||||||
<10,000 | % | 10 | 5.0 % | 1 | 1.1 % | 0.184 |
10,0000-19,999 | % | 20 | 9.9 % | 15 | 16.5 % | |
20,000-29,999 | % | 45 | 22.3 % | 17 | 18.7 % | |
30,000-39,999 | % | 35 | 17.3 % | 15 | 16.5 % | |
40,0000-49,0000 | % | 46 | 22.8 % | 16 | 17.6 % | |
50,000+ | % | 46 | 22.8 % | 27 | 29.7 % | |
missing | % | 29 | 20 | |||
Medical card | ||||||
no | % | 145 | 63.3 % | 69 | 62.2 % | 0.836 |
yes | % | 84 | 36.7 % | 42 | 37.8 % | |
missing | % | 2 | 0 | |||
Private health insurance | ||||||
no | % | 88 | 39.1 % | 49 | 44.1 % | 0.377 |
yes | % | 137 | 60.9 % | 62 | 55.9 % | |
missing | % | 6 | 0 | |||
Daily fruit and veg. intake | ||||||
no | % | 5 | 2.2 % | 6 | 5.4 % | 0.112 |
yes | % | 226 | 97.8 % | 105 | 94.6 % | |
Exercise 30 min a day | ||||||
no | % | 34 | 14.7 % | 10 | 9.0 % | 0.140 |
yes | % | 197 | 85.3 % | 101 | 91.0 % | |
Study center | ||||||
Site A | % | 130 | 56.3 % | 40 | 36.0 % | <0.001 |
Site B | % | 40 | 17.3 % | 9 | 8.1 % | |
Site C | % | 38 | 16.5 % | 32 | 28.8 % | |
Site D | % | 23 | 10.0 % | 30 | 27.0 % | |