Table 1 Basic characteristics of study participants
Characteristics | Overall | Referral HCa | Rural HCs with HIV care/treatment | Rural HCs without HIV care/treatment | p-value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 321 | 130 (40.5) | 106 (33.0) | 85 (26.5) | Â | |
Age | ||||||
 Median (IQRb) | 29 (24–34) | 30 (24–33) | 30.5 (26–34) | 28 (22–35) |  | |
  ≤ 29 | 163 (50.8) | 64 (49.2) | 48 (45.3) | 51 (60.0) | 0.1 | |
  ≥ 30 | 158 (49.2) | 66 (50.8) | 58 (54.7) | 34 (40.0) |  | |
Educational level | ||||||
  ≤ Primary | 216 (67.3) | 76 (58.5) | 81 (76.4) | 59 (69.4) | 0.01 | |
  ≥ Secondary | 105 (32.7) | 54 (41.5) | 25 (23.6) | 26 (30.6) |  | |
Marital status | ||||||
 Married/living with partner | 272 (84.7) | 112 (86.2) | 95 (89.6) | 65 (76.5) | 0.04 | |
 Other | 49 (15.3) | 18 (13.9) | 11 (10.4) | 20 (23.5) |  | |
Travel time to health facility | ||||||
 Median (IQRb) | 60 (30–90) | 30 (20–60) | 90 (60–120) | 60 (35–120) |  | |
  ≤ 59 min | 134 (41.7) | 84 (64.6) | 21 (19.8) | 29 (34.1) | <0.01 | |
  ≥ 60 min | 187 (58.3) | 46 (35.4) | 85 (80.2) | 56 (65.9) |  | |
HIV status at PMTCT enrolment | ||||||
 Already known HIV status | 162 (50.5) | 68 (52.3) | 68 (64.2) | 26 (30.6) | <0.01 | |
 Newly diagnosed | 159 (49.5) | 62 (47.7) | 38 (35.9) | 59 (69.4) |  | |
ARV regimen at study enrolment | ||||||
 ARV prophylaxis | 167 (52.0) | 66 (50.8) | 49 (46.2) | 52 (61.2) | 0.1 | |
 ART | 154 (48.0) | 64 (49.2) | 57 (53.8) | 33 (38.8) |  | |
Timing of study enrolment | ||||||
 During pregnancy | 160 (49.8) | 55 (42.3) | 62 (58.5) | 43 (50.6) | 0.05 | |
 After delivery | 161 (50.2) | 75 (57.7) | 44 (41.5) | 42 (49.4) |  | |
Baseline ARV adherence | ||||||
 Adherent | 254 (79.1) | 102 (78.5) | 89 (84.0) | 63 (74.1) | 0.2 | |
 Non-adherent | 67 (20.9) | 28 (21.5) | 17 (16.0) | 22 (25.9) |  | |
Internalized stigma | ||||||
 Yes | 107 (33.3) | 46 (35.4) | 31 (29.3) | 30 (35.3) | 0.6 | |
 No | 214 (66.7) | 84 (64.6) | 75 (70.8) | 55 (64.7) |  | |
Attitude on taking ARV | ||||||
 Positive | 278 (86.6) | 114 (87.7) | 90 (84.9) | 74 (87.1) | 0.8 | |
 Negative | 43 (13.4) | 16 (12.3) | 16 (15.1) | 11 (12.9) |  | |
Couple HIV testing and counseling | ||||||
 Received | 129 (40.2) | 33 (25.4) | 60 (56.6) | 36 (42.4) | <0.01 | |
 Never received | 192 (59.8) | 97 (74.6) | 46 (43.4) | 49 (57.7) |  | |
Disclosed HIV status to partner | ||||||
 Disclosed | 258 (80.4) | 109 (83.9) | 88 (83.0) | 61 (71.8) | 0.07 | |
 Never disclosed | 63 (19.6) | 21 (16.2) | 18 (17.0) | 24 (28.2) |  | |
HIV status of partner | ||||||
 Positive | 134 (41.7) | 58 (44.6) | 48 (45.3) | 28 (32.9) | 0.03 | |
 Negative | 52 (16.2) | 13 (10.0) | 23 (21.7) | 16 (18.8) |  | |
 Unknown | 135 (42.1) | 59 (45.4) | 35 (33.0) | 41 (48.2) |  | |
Domestic violence | ||||||
 Experienced | 62 (19.3) | 28 (21.5) | 21 (19.8) | 13 (15.3) | 0.5 | |
 Not experienced | 259 (80.7) | 102 (78.5) | 85 (80.2) | 72 (84.7) |  | |